In your Journal answer the following 4 questions: Where did the Renaissance begin? (It’s not a continent) Who painted the Sistine Chapel? What are the 3 “re’s”? Who was the richest family in Italy?

The Protestant Reformation

Breakdown of Denominations

Early Reformers John Wycliffe (1324-1384) Interested in authority of clergy. People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own. Lived during Western Schism (more than one pope). This caused questioning about Papal Authority.

Early Reformers Cont… Jan Hus (1369-1415) Spiritual leader of the Moravian Church. He wanted Bishops elected and not appointed by Pope. At the Council of Constance, he made his case but he was burned at the stake for his beliefs. Lived in Bohemia (Modern Day Czech Republic) The last words of John Hus were that, “in 100 years, God will raise up a man whose calls for reform cannot be suppressed.” Almost exactly 100 years later, in 1517, Martin Luther nailed his famous 95 Theses.

Early Reformers Cont… Erasmus (1466-1536) “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.” Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within. He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will. Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.

Answer me this… What was the Western Schism that John Wycliffe lived during? “technically” all modern “Christian” religions can trace their origins back to what other religion?

Important Developments that aid the process to Reformation! The Printing Press!!!! Books are now available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production = cheaper books) People have access to books whenever they want them. The printing press was like today’s Kindle or Nook to early modern Europeans. A single Renaissance printing press could produce 3,600 pages per workday, compared to forty by hand-printing and a few by hand-copying. Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday

What is the Protestant Reformation? Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches. People grew displeased with the churches… Financial Corruption Abuse of Power Immorality

What happens to spark the Reformation? Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences! Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness)

Language Barriers Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”. Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation. It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

Martin Luther Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg. One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation. Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." Luther translates the Bible to German and believes that people should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves. Coffer means chest

Luther’s 95 Theses On October 31, 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin. Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT! He Criticized: Indulgences Power of Pope Wealth of Church God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE! Catholic View: Good Works

Luther’s 95 Theses (cont.) Luther’s understanding of “passive righteousness” “Sola Fidei” (Salvation by Faith Alone) “Sola Scriptura” (Authority of the Scriptures Alone) --Luther’s German Translation of the New Testament The Priesthood of All Believers --Peasant Revolt of 1525 All Vocations are pleasing to God Predestination Some latent Catholicism

Excommunication In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. Excommunication- expelled him from the church. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings. Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio or protest. Hence the term Protestant! Pope Leo X by Raphel

Answer me this … Where was Martin Luther from? What did he do on Halloween 1517?

Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland Theocracy A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired. John Calvin in Switzerland Predestination God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation. John Knox in Scotland Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

John Calvin More of a scholar than Luther More of a systematic thinker than Luther Calvin’s Institutes (1536) Early legal training Clear-cut moral directives for living Relied on Scripture and Augustine primarily for his ideas

John Calvin Believed in predestination The right of rebellion--English Civil War More of a stress on works than Luther Divine calling to all sorts of vocations The “invisibility” of the True Church Government serves the Church--Michael Servetus Just war position In an invisible Church we have a Church absolutely known only by God. In a visible Church, we have a church that can be discerned by man.In an invisible Church, we have generation begun, actuated and consummated by God.

In England, the Reformation began with the King! King Henry VIII The king who had six wives… He wants a SON! Demanded a divorce because wives bore daughters. Catholic Church refused Started his own church – the Church of England King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round Table) dies… Author was married to Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she married Henry. This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a queen of England and restores the Catholic Church! History knows her as Bloody Mary. Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife.  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history forever. Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in love with Anne while married to Catherine of Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne, but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she became his Queen. Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his long-awaited male heir after one year of marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so. Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This German princess served as Queen for only a few months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual consent. Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy.  Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance woman outlived three husbands, including Henry, and went on to finally marry the man of her choice.

King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round Table) dies… Author was married to Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she married Henry. This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a queen of England and restores the Catholic Church! History knows her as Bloody Mary.

The Reformation Parliament Was a gathering that led to the decision that England was no longer under the authority of the pope. Act of Supremacy Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward. Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary” Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon; she reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake. Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor) Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years. Ruled during the Spanish Armada, and never married…known as the Virgin Queen.

Impacts of the Reformation Germany was politically weakened and fragmented Christian Church was splintered in the West 100 Years of Religious Warfare Right of Rebellion introduced by both Jesuits and Calvinists Pope’s power increased Furthered societal individualism and secularism Growing doubt and religious skepticism

Impacts of the Reformation (cont.) Political stability valued over religious truth Calvinism boosted the commercial revolution Witch craze (the Inquisition) swept Europe in the 1600’s Between 1561-1670, 3000 people in Germany, 9000 people in Switzerland and 1000 people in England were executed as witches Council of Trent (1545-1563) The Society of Jesus (“Jesuits”)1534 --Ignatius Loyola Renewed religious emotionalism--Baroque Art Religious warfare and a new Bible