The European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas

Earlier Explorations Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca A New Player  Europe Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. Better seaworthy ships. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

Admiral Zheng He Flag ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371-1435

Motives for European Exploration Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

Better known as The 3 “G”s GOLD-money was the great motivation GOD-later missionaries to convert the natives GLORY-personal fame and hopefully fortune

New Maritime Technologies Better Maps Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

New Weapons Technology

The Caravel

Portugal began the era of exploration, led by Henry the Navigator Portugal began the era of exploration, led by Henry the Navigator. (he never went anywhere, just paid for the voyages)

Led by first Dias then DaGama Portugal explored the coast of Africa Led by first Dias then DaGama Portugal explored the coast of Africa. Why? DaGama was first European to round Cape Of Good Hope and travel to India by sea

Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1495 The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

The Requirement I implore you to recognize the Church as a lady and in the name of the Pope take the King of Spain as Lord of this land and obey his mandates. If you do not then I tell you that with the help of god I will enter powerfully against you. I will make war everywhere and every way I can. I will subject you to the yoke and make you obedient to the Church and to his Majesty. I will take all your women and children and make them slaves... The deaths that occur from here on will be your own fault and not that of his Majesty nor the gentlemen that accompany me.

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortes Montezuma II

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortes

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin TOBACCO Quinine COCOA / CHOCOLATE Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut Tomato Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Olive Coffee Bean Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Triangle Trade Middle passage

Slave Ship

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard

Mercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. Get as much gold and silver as you can. Establish a favorable balance of trade. Get colonies.

Treasures from the Americas!

European Empires in the Americas

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony! Explorers Conquistadores Official European Colony! Missionaries Permanent Settlers

be considered an example of Would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered an example of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??