Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion Topic 4 Organic Molecules

What is an organic molecule? Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 12 What is an organic molecule? Contains Carbon Contains Functional group Chemically reactive groups of atoms Organic molecules make up living things

Obj 13 Macromolecule Large molecules formed by the chemical combining of smaller molecules Organic molecules in Biology are a type of Macromolecule Proteins can contain 1000s of amino acids

Polymerization Chemical process that forms biological macromolecules Obj 13 Polymerization Chemical process that forms biological macromolecules In Biology…. Polymer = organic macromolecule Monomer – smaller molecules that chemically combine to make polymer

Building Up and Breaking Down Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 13 Building Up and Breaking Down Dehydration Synthesis – Chemical reaction that connects monomers to make an organic macromolecule Produces water Degradation Hydrolysis – chemical reaction that breaks apart organic macromolecules into monomers Uses water

Types of Organic Molecules Obj 14 Types of Organic Molecules Carbohydrates Foods: sugars and starches Body: Energy storage Lipids Foods: fats Body: Energy storage, protection Proteins Foods: Meats Body: Many functions Nucleic Acids Foods: Many foods Body: DNA and RNA

Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Elements always Present: C, H, O Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 15 Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Elements always Present: C, H, O Always have 2 hydrogen atoms for every 1 oxygen atom (2:1 ratio) Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides Hydrophilic Used for energy (short and long term storage) 7

Types of Carbohydrates Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 15 Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides – Simple Sugars Ex. glucose, fructose Disaccharides – Sugars Ex. sucrose, lactose, maltose Polysaccharides – Energy storage, structure starch, cellulose, glycogen

3 Polysaccharides All composed of glucose Very different functions Obj 15 3 Polysaccharides All composed of glucose Very different functions Energy storage in plants Structural molecule in plants Energy storage in animals

Carbohydrate Metabolism Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 16 Carbohydrate Metabolism Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body Thousands!!!! Carbohydrates Metabolism Digestion Degradation hydrolysis reactions carried out in different regions of the digestive system Carbohydrate storage Dehydration synthesis of glucose into glycogen in the liver

Carbohydrate Storage – insulin-glucagon cycle Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 16 Carbohydrate Storage – insulin-glucagon cycle Homeostasis - Blood glucose levels must be maintained .9 mg/mL Hormonal control – chemical signals made by the pancreas are used to maintain a constant level Insulin – released when blood glucose is high Liver makes glycogen (polysaccharide) for storage Cell take up glucose for energy use Glucagon – released when blood glucose is low Liver breaks down glycogen into glucose

Lipids Fats, oils, and waxes Mainly hydrogen and carbon atoms Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 17 Lipids Fats, oils, and waxes Mainly hydrogen and carbon atoms Made of glycerol and fatty acids Not true polymers… Hydrophobic Used for energy storage, cushioning vital organs, insulating the body, and transmitting messages

Types of Lipids - Triglycerides Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 17, 18 Types of Lipids - Triglycerides Energy storage and protection Made of: 1 Glycerol (glycerin) 3 Fatty Acid chains Can be: Saturated – fatty acids contain all single bonds “saturated” with H Solid at room temperature (butter, lard) Unsaturated - fatty acids contain 1 or more double bond Liquid at room temperature (oils) H 13

Triglyceride synthesis Obj 17 Triglyceride synthesis Dehydration synthesis connects glycerol and fatty acids Not a true polymer Why? Polymers are long chain molecules, always with space to add another monomer 3 H2O

Fats and Nutrition “Shape controls function” Obj 18 Fats and Nutrition “Shape controls function” Your body interacts with molecules based on shape Trans fats Formed during hydrogenation process Saturated and Trans fats lead to cardiovascular disease Blood vessel plaques put stress on the heart Animal fats Plant fats

Types of Lipids - Phospholipids Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 17 Types of Lipids - Phospholipids Polar head (glycerol and a phosphate group) Nonpolar Tails (fatty acids) Major components of cell membranes (barriers)

Types of Lipids - Steroids Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 17 Types of Lipids - Steroids All have rings of carbons Examples: Cholesterol Sex hormones How will you tell these apart from carbs?

Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 19 Proteins Made up of amino acids monomers (100s or 1000s of amino acids) Require a specific 3D shape to function Most are globular or fibrous Nearly all proteins recognize and bind to another molecule

Amino Acid - Monomers of a protein General structure of an Amino Acid Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 19 Amino Acid - Monomers of a protein General structure of an Amino Acid

Joining Amino Acids to Make a Dipeptide Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 19 Joining Amino Acids to Make a Dipeptide 2 amino acids chemically bonded = dipeptide 3 - 50ish amino acids = polypeptide 50ish – 100,000ish amino acids = protein The bond joining them is a peptide bond

Joining amino acids to make a dipeptide. Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 19 Joining amino acids to make a dipeptide. Dehydration synthesis

Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 19 20 different Amino Acids

Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 20,21 Protein Folding Chemical Properties of the 20 amino acids cause specific folding patterns Specific shapes have specific functions Denaturation – the breakdown of the specific shape Caused by… Electrolyte concentration pH Heat

Types of Proteins Hemoglobin Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 19 Types of Proteins Hemoglobin Cell structural proteins (cell surface, muscle fiber) Body structural proteins (hair, fingernails, collagen) Contractile proteins (in muscle fibers) Defensive proteins (antibodies) Enzymes Hormones (insulin, glucagon) Growth factors (heals cuts, controls development) Cell membrane component (transporters, receptors)

Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA Monomer - nucleotide Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 22 Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA Monomer - nucleotide Five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only)