Week 6: EXTERNAL CRISIS Armahedi Mahzar ICAS Jakarta 2010 PHILOSOPHY of SCIENCE Week 6: EXTERNAL CRISIS Armahedi Mahzar ICAS Jakarta 2010

Technology as the application of Science Technology is the application of science The development of technology can be directed to negative goals The positive utilization of technology can also have negative impact to the environment, the society and the personality of man

External Crisis of Science Negative goal Weapon for Mass Destruction Negative impact Environmental Degradation Social Fragmetation Psychological Alienation *

First External Crisis of Science: Weapon of Mass Destruction Nuclear Chemical Biological *

Nuclear Mass Destructive Weapon In 1939, Einstein signed a letter to U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt written by Leo Szillard warning that based on Szillard's research the Third Reich might be developing nuclear weapons As a result of the Einstein–Szilárd letter, in 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt called on Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards to head "The Uranium Committee" to undertake nuclear research In December 1941, President Roosevelt authorized the formation of the Manhattan Engineer District of the Army Corps of Engineers ( "Manhattan Project" ) as the organization that would oversee the development of the atomic bomb. On August 6, 1945, after Japan refused to surrender unconditionally, the first atomic bomb, named "Little Boy," a 235 U-based bomb, was dropped over Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later, "Fat Man," a plutonium-based weapon, was dropped on Nagasaki.

Chemical Weapon of Mass Destruction American poison gas bomb Soviet chemical weapon canister four categories of chemical agents: Choking (Chlorine, Hydrogen chloride, Nitrogen oxides, Phosgene) affecting respiratory system, flooding it and resulting in suffocation; survivors often suffer chronic breathing problems Blister (Sulfur mustard (HD, H), Nitrogen mustard (HN-1, HN-2, HN-3), Lewisite (L), Phosgene oxime (CX)) damaging skin and respiratory system, resulting burns and respiratory problems. Blood (Most Arsines, Cyanogen chloride, Hydrogen cyanide) preventing cells from using oxygen Nerve (Cyclosarin (GF), Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), Tabun, (GA), VX, VR, Some insecticides, Novichok) preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the victim's synapses and causing both muscarinic and nicotinic effects

Biological Weapon of Mass Destruction American biological bomblet Iraqi ----- Bioweapons reproduce within their host victims, who then become contagious with a deadly, if weakening, multiplier effect. Four kinds of biological warfare agents: bacteria, viruses, protists, and fungi.

Second External Crisis of Science Environmental Degradation Depletion Pollution Degradation Destruction *

Natural Resource Depletion

Environmental Pollution Air pollution Water pollution Soil pollution

Enviromental Degradation

Environmental Destruction

Third External Crisis of Science: Social Fragmetation  Industrialization  Urbanization Fragmentation *

Fourth External Crisis of Science: Personal Alienation Social Natural Technical *

Alienation to Social World An individual's estrangement from traditional community and others in general. In emerging industrial production workers inevitably lose control of their lives and selves, in not having any control of their work. Workers never become autonomous, self-realized human beings in any significant sense, except the way the capitalist want the worker to be realized.

Alienation to Natural World An individual's estrangement from nature. Technology disturbs the metabolic interaction between man and the earth, i.e. it prevents the return to the soil of its constituent elements consumed by man in the form of food and clothing; hence Technology hinders the operation of the eternal natural condition for the lasting fertility of the soil

Alienation to Technology An individual's estrangement from technology variations of alienation : Powerlessness, Meaninglessness, Normlessness, Dehumanization, Atomization