Chapter 5 Languages Say Hello!

Thinking About Language Click to Explore

Thinking Like A Geographer Human geographers believe that language is essential to the way societies grow and change because it is the way cultural values are communicated. Click to Watch What does this video make you think about the power of words?

Key Issue 1 Where Are Languages Distributed?

Language Language language- system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning. literary tradition- system of written communication. official language- designated by a country and used for official documents and public objects. Examples road signs, ballots, money

Classifying Language: How Will YOU Remember? Got (a) Lucky Day AWAY

Classification of Languages families: collection of languages related through a common ancestral language branches: collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language. Differences are not as significant or as old as between families. groups: collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display similar grammar and vocabulary.

Groups = Divided Branches Languages = Leaves Groups = Divided Branches Families = Trunks Branches = Branches Roots = Prehistoric super families

Atlas Alert Use the next slide to label and color the “Languages” map in your World Atlas! “Let It Go” in 25 languages Complete your map by November 18th

Distribution: Language Families LOOK! White areas are the really the yellow Indo-European regions

Who Speaks What? ⅔ of the world’s population speak a language that belongs to the Indo-European or Sino-Tibetan language family. 2% to 6% of the world’s population speak a language that fits into one of seven other language families. Remainder of population speaks a language belonging to one of 100 smaller families.

The World’s 3 Most Widely-Spoken Languages

Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan Predominate language family in Europe, South Asia, North America and Latin America. Sino-Tibetan Spoken in the People’s Republic of China and several smaller countries in Southeast Asia. No single Chinese language Mandarin is the most-used language in the world and the official language of both the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan.

Sino-Tibetan Family Uses Ideograms/Logograms Written structure of the Chinese language symbols words (or parts of words) rather than sounds.

Other East & SE Asian Language Families Austronesian (Indonesia) Austro-Asiatic (Vietnam) Tai Kadai (Thailand) Japanese (Japan) Korean (Korean peninsula)

Thinking Like a Geographer How did the physical geography in this region affect the diffusion and diversity of languages found here?

SW Asia, North Africa, & Central Asia Language Families Afro-Asiatic (Arabic language of SW Asia/North Africa) Altaic (Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan.) Uralic (Estonia, Finland, Hungary)

African Language Families More than 1,000 distinct languages have been documented- many lack a written tradition. Niger-Congo (95% of all people in sub-Saharan Africa) Nilo-Saharan (North- Central Africa) Khoisan (“Clicking Languages”)

Hakuna Matata! NOTE! Swahili is part of the Niger-Congo Spoken by 30 MILLION Africans to speak with outsiders from different villages YOU can already speak some Swahili! Simba lion Nala  gift Rafiki  friend Pumbaa  slow witted Timon  respect

Bet You Didn’t Know! Click to Listen Click languages are a group of languages found only in Africa. Clicks function as normal consonants. In a remote mountain in Turkey, there are villagers who still communicate across valleys by whistling- using what they call their "bird language." Click to Listen

Homework Alert! Click to Watch

Glorious Messiness Ilustrations

Glorious Messiness Illustrations

Key Issue 2 Why Is English Related to Other Languages?

Distribution of Indo-European Branches Four most widely spoken branches: BRANCH FAMILY Romance GROUP LANGUAGE

Origin and Diffusion Indo-European Family Linguists theorize that Germanic, Romance, Balto- Slavic, and Indo-Iranian languages all stemmed from a common ancestral language. Linguists and anthropologists continue to debate 2 theories about how language originated and how it diffused. Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis (Kurgan) Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis (Anatolia) Click to Watch

Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis

Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis

Where Did English Come From? Click to Watch

Origin of English Modern English evolved primarily from the language spoken by three Germanic tribes invading the British Isles Angles- from southern Denmark Jutes- from northern Denmark Saxons- from northwestern Germany Over time, others invaded England and their languages influenced the basic English. Vikings from present-day Norway Normans from present-day Normandy in France spoke French.

Mapping the Origin and Diffusion of English

Diffusion of English English language migrated with the people of England when they established colonies (1500s-1800s), and is now an official language in most former British colonies. English Diffused North America Jamestown, VA, in 1607. When England defeated France, English became the dominant language in North America. United States responsible for diffusing English to several places—such as the Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.

Thinking Like A Geographer- English Mania Watch With A Purpose… Why does the speaker say “native language is your life,” but English is the “language of opportunity?” Why is the world “pulling towards” English? Why does the speaker believe that English mania is a historical turning point? What could be the outcome? Click to Watch

Diffusion of Romance Languages Rise of Rome/Vulgar Latin European colonization