Pathogenic flaviviruses Dr EA Gould, PhD, Prof T Solomon, FRCP  The Lancet  Volume 371, Issue 9611, Pages 500-509 (February 2008) DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60238-X Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree showing the association of the groups of related viruses with their invertebrate vectors, vertebrate hosts, and geographic distribution ALF=Alfuy. MVE=Murray Valley encephalitis. JE=Japanese encephalitis. USU=Usutu. KOU=Koutango. KUN=Kunjin. WN=West Nile. YAO=Yaounde. CPC=Cacipacore. ARO=Aroa. IGU=Iguape. NJL=Naranjal. KOK=Kokobera. STR=Stratford. BAG=Bagaza. IT=Israel Turkey meningoencephalomyelitis virus. TMU=Tembusu. THCAr=strain of Tembusu. ILH=Ilheus. ROC=Rocio. SLE=St Louis encephalitis. DEN=dengue. SPO=Spondweni. ZIK=Zika forest. KED=Kedougou. UGS=Uganda S. JUG=Jugra. POT=Potiskum. SAB=Saboya. BOU=Bouboui. EH=Edge Hill. YF=yellow fever. SEP=Sepik. EB=Entebbe bat. SOK=Sokoluk. YOK=Yokose. GGY=Gadgets Gully. KFD=Kyasanur Forest disease. LGT=Langat. LI=Louping ill. NEG=Negishi. Sof=Sofjin. FETBE=far eastern TBE. Vs=Vasilchenko. OHF=Omsk haemorrhage fever. KSI=Karshi. RF=Royal Farm. POW=Powassan. KAD=Kadam. MEA=Meaban. SRE=Saumarez Reef. TYU=Tyuleniy. APOI=Apoi. BC=Batu Cave. PPB=Phnom Penh bat. CI=Carey Island. BB=Bukalasa bat. DB=Dakar bat. RB=Rio Bravo. MML=Montana myotis leucoencephalitis. CR=Cowbone Ridge. MOD=Modoc. SV=Sal Vieja. JUT=Jutiapa. SP=San Perlita. TBE=tick-borne encephalitis. WTBE=Western European TBE. RSSE=Russian spring and summer encephalitis. NKV refers to viruses with no known vector. Adapted from reference 2 with permission of the publisher. The Lancet 2008 371, 500-509DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60238-X) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Aedes albopictus replete with bloodmeal Photo courtesy of S T Higgs. The Lancet 2008 371, 500-509DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60238-X) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Dengue rash in a Malaysian Child Photo courtesy of T Solomon. The Lancet 2008 371, 500-509DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60238-X) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Sequelae of Japanese encephalitis; an Indian child with dystonic posturing Photo courtesy of T Solomon. The Lancet 2008 371, 500-509DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60238-X) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Life cycle of Ixodes ricinus represented by the individual stages through which the tick passes from the egg to the engorged adult female A=eggs. B=larva. C=engorged larva. D=unengorged nymph. E=engorged nymph. F=adult male tick on left and adult female on right. Larvae, nymphs, and adults take only one bloodmeal. After feeding they moult to the next stage (adults lay eggs), and then may remain quiescent for months or even years. Thus, a complete life cycle can last up to 5 years. If larvae become infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus, they remain infected and therefore capable of virus transmission throughout their remaining life cycle. The Lancet 2008 371, 500-509DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60238-X) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions