Consciousness

Definition Awareness outside world own mental processes, such as thoughts and feelings.

Levels of Consciousness Conscious: Awareness Nonconscious: Removed from conscious awareness. Preconscious: Mental events that are outside awareness, but can easily be brought into awareness.

Processing Without Awareness Blindsight Sequence Learning Mere Exposure Effect (familarity) Priming Subliminal Messages Emotions words associated with images “masked” pictures evoke fear (e.g., spiders) Next

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Altered States of Consciousness An extensive change in mental processes that produces noticeable changes in psychological and behavioral functioning. Sleep Hypnosis Drugs

Sleep

Figure 4.3: EEG During Sleep Webb, Wilse B., Sleep: An Experimental Approach, 1968, p.15. Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

A Night’s Sleep Adapted from A Primer of Sleep and Dreaming by Rosalind Cartwright. © 1978 by Addison-Wesley. Reprinted by permission of the author.

Functions of Sleep Protective Restorative Dreaming? REM (neurotransmitters-NE, learning, not required) Non-REM (body and mind, required) Dreaming? Wish Fulfillment Activation-Synthesis Problem- Solving (Lucid dreaming) Next

Counting Sleep Opossum Ferret Cat Dog Human Return

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Sleep Disorders Insomnia: One feels daytime fatigue due to trouble falling asleep or staying asleep. Narcolepsy: Person abruptly enters, without warning, REM sleep directly from the waking state. Sleep Apnea: Person briefly but repeatedly stops breathing during the night.

Sleep Disorders (cont’d) Sleepwalking: Occurs in non-REM sleep, usually in childhood. Nightmares: Frightening REM dreams. Night Terrors: Horrific dream images during stage 4 sleep. Sleep Paralysis: Profound motor paralysis but awake

Sleep Disorders (cont’d) Bruxism: Grinding of teeth Disordered Sleep-Wake Cycles: Jet Lag Shift Work REM Behavior Disorder

Sleep as a Circadian Rhythm Circadian Rhythm: Cycle of behavior and physiology that repeat about every 24 hours. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN): Our internal “biological clock.”

Signals from the SCN travel to several brain regions, including the pineal gland, which responds to light-induced signals by switching off production of the hormone melatonin. The SCN also affects functions which are synchronised with the sleep/wake cycle, including body temperature, hormone secretion and changes in blood pressure.

Hypnosis

Hypnosis An altered state of suggestibility Hypnotic susceptibility is the degree to which a person responds to hypnotic suggestions. willingness is most important factor in susceptibility.

Main Changes in People During Hypnosis Tendency not to begin actions on one’s own. Redistributed attention. Enhanced ability to fantasize. Susceptibility to readily take on different roles. Reduced reality-testing.

Truths posthypnotic suggestion posthypnotic amnesia pain control catalepsy vivid hallucinations Next

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Real Imagined Hypnosis Imagined Return

Fiction weak willed sleep-like trance harm oneself or others age regression (role playing not true regression) enhanced memory hypnotist has special powers

Explaining Hypnosis State Theory: Hypnosis creates an altered state of consciousness. Role Theory: Hypnotized people are acting in accordance with a social role that demands compliance. Dissociation Theory: Hypnosis is a socially agreed-upon opportunity to display one’s ability to let mental functions become dissociated.

Reports of Pain in Hypnosis Hilgard, E. R. (1977) Divided consciousness: Multiple controls and in human thought and action. New York: Wiley