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Fractures HOPS Joints “How To” Tests Bonus Category 10 Point 10 Point 10 Point 10 Point 10 Point 20 Points 20 Points 20 Points 20 Points 20 Points 30 Points 30 Points 30 Points 30 Points 30 Points 40 Points 40 Points 40 Points 40 Points 40 Points 50 Points 50 Points 50 Points 50 Points 50 Points

What is the difference between a Simple and Compound Fracture?

Simple: Does not break the skin Compound: Breaks through the skin

What kind of fracture is this?

Transverse Fracture

What kind of fracture is this?

Spiral Fracture

What happens when you facture the epiphyseal plate?

Growth Plate Damage Bone Growth Damage May require surgery

Name 5 different types of fractures

Transverse Comminuted Impacted Spiral Oblique Green Stick Epiphyseal Avulsion Stress Fracture

What does the H in HOPS stand for and what is an example?

H – HISTORY -Listen to Athlete -Ask specific questions -Mechanism of injury (how it occurred) -When? First Time? -How long have you had the symptoms? -Does the pain change? Subside? -Any Medical History -Point with one finger to where it hurts

What does the O in HOPS stand for and what is an example?

-Any abnormal movements? O – OBSERVATION -Any abnormal movements? -Deformities, Asymmetrical, Swollen, Atrophy, Sounds -Bilateral Comparison

What does the P in HOPS stand for and what is an example?

P – Palpatations -Begin with light touches to deeper -Start away from injury and work towards -Feel for edema, increase temp, abnormal protuberances, muscle tension, atrophy, crepitus, pulse

What does S in HOPS stand for and what is an example?

S- SPECIAL TESTS 1) Joint Range of Motion (ROM) AROM- ( active range of motion) PROM- ( Passive range of motion) RROM-(resistive range of motion) painful and/or weak 2) Neurological a) Sensory testing b) Reflex testing 3) Special Tests for each Joint Designed for specific body region 4) Functional Tests - test whether the athlete can return to sport participation. They are sport or job related specific. Start off with less stress and move to more stress

When should HOPS be performed?

Only Start HOPS after all serious/life threatening injuries are ruled out. It is ideally performed in the training room.

What is a joint?

A joint is where two bones meet

What are the three types of movements that joints can perform?

Freely Movable/Synovial Immovable Slightly Movable Freely Movable/Synovial

What is a Synovial Joint?

Most common and most movable type of joint in the body

What is an example of a Immovable, Slightly Movable and Freely Movable Joint?

Slightly Movable (ex: Spine, Vertebrae) Immovable (ex: Skull) Slightly Movable (ex: Spine, Vertebrae) - Movable / Freely Movable (ex: Ball & Socket, Hinge, Saddle, Pivot, Gliding)

Name 4 of the 6 types of joints and give examples of each

Ellipsoid - Radius & Ulna Meet Carpals Gliding – Wrist Hinge - Elbow & Knee Saddle – Thumb Pivot – Neck Ellipsoid - Radius & Ulna Meet Carpals Gliding – Wrist Ball and Socket - Hip & Shoulder

Test that the doctor performs tapping that produces force along the shaft of the bone, which causes pain at the sight of injury.

Percussion

Test that uses a tuning fork or hammer to test whether the vibration causes pain

Vibration

Test that pushes bone together to see if it causes pain

Compression

Test that pulls bone away from the body feels better than normal, it could be FX

Distraction

What is a functional test?

Test whether the athlete can return to sport participation Test whether the athlete can return to sport participation. They are sport or job related specific. Start off with less stress and move to more stress

What are 3 symptoms of a fracture?

Changing Colors / Bruising Swelling Pain Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Deformity Changing Colors / Bruising Pain more at night

What are the three phases of Injury Healing?

1) Acute Response: 1-3 Days -Edema (swelling), Redness/Local Heat, Pain -Vasoconstriction : Could lead to Hypoxia (Tissue with low oxygen) or Necrosis (Death of Tissue) -Vasodilation: Increased Blood Flow (Swelling/Pain) 2)Repair & Regeneration: 6-8 Weeks -New Cells/Skin -Scar Tissue: Inelastic, Not as Flexible and Strong 3) Recovery: Up to a Year - Return to Normal - Strengthen Muscles

What are the parts of the Synovial Joint?

Capsule Synovial Membrane Synovial Fluid Hyaline Cartilage

What is Crepitus?

Crunchy sound the bone makes

What is Hypoxia? What is Necrosis?

Hypoxia – Low oxygen to tissues Necrosis – Death of tissue

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Why is an epiphyseal fracture a concern?

It can lead to deformity