INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE 1/17/2019 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

Architecture & Organization 1/17/2019 Architecture & Organization Architecture is the set of attributes visible to the programmer Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. Examples: Does this processor have a multiply instr.? How does the compiler create object code? How best is memory handled by the O/S? 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

Architecture vs. Organization (continued) 1/17/2019 Architecture vs. Organization (continued) Organization is how features are implemented Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. Examples: Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? What type of non-volatile memory is used to store the BIOS? 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

Architecture vs. Organization (continued) 1/17/2019 Architecture vs. Organization (continued) All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture Consistent architecture gives code compatibility, at least backwards, thus protecting user’s software investment Organization differs between different versions 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

created by Vivi Sahfitri 1/17/2019 COMPUTER GENERATE I: ’46 – ’57: UNIVAC 1103 Bahasa Rakitan Vacuum Tube 40.000 instruksi/detik II: ’58 – ’64: IBM 7094 Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator Transistor I/O & Processor Parallelism 200.000 instruksi/detik III: ’65 – ’71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8 Sistem Operasi Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC) Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism 1.000.000 instruksi/detik IV: ’72 – ’77: Apple IIe, IBM PC Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI) Microprocessor, PC 10.000.000 instruksi/detik IV: ’78 – …: 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) 100.000.000 instruksi/detik 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

Technology Trend: Microprocessor Capacity 1/17/2019 Technology Trend: Microprocessor Capacity Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5.5 million PowerPC 620: 6.9 million Alpha 21164: 9.3 million Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million 2X transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years Called “Moore’s Law” 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

Technology Trend: Processor Performance 1/17/2019 Technology Trend: Processor Performance Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip) 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

Technology Trend: Memory Capacity 1/17/2019 Technology Trend: Memory Capacity year size(Megabit) 1980 0.0625 1983 0.25 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256 Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

created by Vivi Sahfitri 1/17/2019 Structure & Function Structure is the way in which components relate to each other Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

created by Vivi Sahfitri 1/17/2019 Function All computer functions are: Data processing Data storage Data movement Control 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

created by Vivi Sahfitri 1/17/2019 Functional View 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

Operations (a) Data movement 1/17/2019 Operations (a) Data movement 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

Operations (b) Storage 1/17/2019 Operations (b) Storage 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

Operation (c) Processing from/to storage 1/17/2019 Operation (c) Processing from/to storage 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O 1/17/2019 Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

created by Vivi Sahfitri 1/17/2019 Structure - Top Level Computer Peripherals Central Processing Unit Main Memory Computer Systems Interconnection Input Output Communication lines 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

created by Vivi Sahfitri 1/17/2019 Structure - The CPU CPU Computer Arithmetic and Login Unit Registers I/O System Bus CPU Internal CPU Interconnection Memory Control Unit 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri

Structure - The Control Unit 1/17/2019 Structure - The Control Unit Control Unit CPU Sequencing Login ALU Control Unit Internal Bus Control Unit Registers and Decoders Registers Control Memory 1/17/2019 created by Vivi Sahfitri Created by Vivi Sahfitri