Black Codes Read the handout regarding the Black Codes and answer the questions. (1) What rules especially stand out to you? (2) What would life look like for an African American in this kind of society or community?

Special Field Orders, No. 15 by General William Tecumseh Sherman Confiscation of 400,000 acres land along Atlantic Coast, formerly belonging to white Southerners

Read pages 284, starting at “How to Reunite the Union,” to 287, taking notes upon the following … Some questions (or issues) regarding reuniting the country? African American hopes for equal citizenship … Reconstruction Plans - President Lincoln, President Johnson, and Radical Republicans … Radical Republicans

President Lincoln’s “Ten Percent Plan” (1863) As soon as 10% of state’s voters took an oath of loyalty … Abolish slavery

President Johnson’s Plan (1865) 10% loyalty oath by a Southern state’s population Like Lincoln, favored a lenient approach towards the Southern states.

Radical Republican’s Plans Major objectives: (1) Prevent former Confederate leaders from regaining power (2) Establish African Americans suffrage (3) African Americans owning property

President Johnson vs. President Lincoln Pardoned all white landowners Johnson allows the Black Codes. Ordered plantations returned to white Southerners Vetoed … Civil Rights Act of 1866. 14th Amendment. President Lincoln Believed in political justice and voting rights for African-Americans. Created the Freedmen's Bureau.

Political Situation – Post Civil War

What is the central issue for many African Americans after gaining freedom? http://www.lizcollinshistoryclasses.com/reconstruction.html Video #1: The Election of 1866 (Beginning – 4:30)

America in 1865-66 Summer of 1865, with Congress out of Session … Memphis Riot of 1866 … New Orleans Riot of 1866 … Congressional Election in 1866 …

Radical Republican’s Plans (continued) Civil Rights Act of 1866 Abolishes the Black Codes, making these illegal in the Southern states African Americans can own property and have to be treated equally in a court of law

Johnson Is Impeached Command of the Army Act … Office of Tenure Act …

Impeaching A President Two-step Process … [1] House of Representatives, simple majority … [2] Senate, 2/3rds majority vote …

Radical Republican’s Plans (continued) Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 [1] Five Districts with military occupation [2] New state constitutions approved by U.S. Congress Ratify 14th Amendment Guarantee African American suffrage [3] Former Confederates cannot vote

President U.S. Grant, 1869-1877

Amendments 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Equal Citizenship Right to Vote for African American males

Sharecropping What did this system look like? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nowsS7pMApI (1:30 – 3:10)

African American Representation Achievements Served in government as mayors, police chiefs, state representatives and in the United States Congress. Blanche Bruce (1875 – 81) Hiram Revels (1870 – 71)

How did the Era of Reconstruction End? (1) White Southerner Intimidation (2) Panic of 1873 & Economic problems (3) Compromise of 1877 and loss of support from Northern Republicans (4) Disenfranchisement of African Americans (1877 – 1890’s)

*** Rise of the Ku Klux Klan

Panic of 1873 Financial crisis that triggers a depression, lasting from 1873 to 1879.

Compromise of 1877 Contested election of Samuel Tilden (Democrat) and Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican). Political agreement ends Reconstruction.

African Americans Disenfranchised Poll Tax “Good character clause” Literacy test Grandfather clause

African Americans Disenfranchised From 1890 to 1908, Southern states passed new constitutions, constitutional amendments, and laws to disenfranchise African Americans. Beginning of 1870’s, 100,000’s of African American are registered to vote in each state. By the 1890’s, only 4,000 to 5,000 African Americans are registered to vote in each state.

What do these statistics and this story say about voter intimidation? “It was in the state of Georgia, in 1946, that a young Negro veteran named Maceo Snipes learned that by the Supreme Court ruling he had a right to vote. No Negro had voted in his county since Reconstruction, but Maceo Snipes went down and registered. The following morning he was sitting on his porch and a white man came up and killed him with a shotgun. His funeral was held the next day and in the midst of the funeral oration, Maceo’s mother rose and moved up through the crowd, up to his coffin, where they waited to lower it into the earth. And she asked her second son to come forth. He was 17. And she said to him, ‘Put your hand on this coffin, and swear on the body of your brother than when you get to be 21, you’re going down to the courthouse to do what he did — to vote.’ ” - Henry Wallace - Progressive Party Candidate for President - “Radio Address,” September, 1948

Lynchings = Intimidation Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968 * State White Black Total Alabama 48 299 347 Arizona 31 Arkansas 58 226 284 California 41 2 43 Colorado 65 3 68 Delaware 1 Florida 25 257 282 Georgia 39 492 531 Idaho 20 Illinois 15 19 34 Indiana 33 14 47 Iowa 17 Kansas 35 54 Lynchings = Intimidation

Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968 * White Black Total Kentucky 63 142 205 Louisiana 56 335 391 Maine 1 Maryland 2 27 29 Michigan 7 8 Minnesota 5 4 9 Mississippi 42 539 581 Missouri 53 69 122 Montana 82 84 Nebraska 52 57 Nevada 6 New Jersey New Mexico 33 3 36 New York North Carolina 15 86 101 North Dakota 13 16

Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968 * White Black Total Ohio 10 16 26 Oklahoma 82 40 122 Oregon 20 1 21 Pennsylvania 2 6 8 South Carolina 4 156 160 South Dakota 27 Tennessee 47 204 251 Texas 141 352 493 Utah Vermont Virginia 17 83 100 Washington 25 West Virginia 28 48 Wisconsin Wyoming 30 5 35 Total 1,297 3,446 4,743 *Statistics provided  by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.