Chapter 1- Introducing Psychology

Why Study Psychology? Provides useful insight into behavior Physiological- having to do with physical processes (body) Cognitive- having to do with thinking and understanding (mind)

Goals of Psychology Describe- how is a person behaving? Explain- why do they behave this way? - Hypotheses and theories Predict Influence or control using applied science Use of scientific method

Origins of Psychology Marmaduke Samson and phrenology- Examining bumps on a person’s skull to determine intelligence and character traits (mid 1800s)

Structuralism- Wundt Wilhelm Wundt- established modern psychology (first laboratory- Leipzig, 1879) Structuralism- study the basic elements that make up conscious mental experience

Structuralism- Wundt Use of introspection- self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings First use of a systematic procedure to study human behavior

Functionalism- James William James- “father of psychology” (first textbook) All activities of the mind (thinking, feeling, learning, and remembering) have one major function- survival as a species.

Functionalism- James Wundt focused on structure of the mind; James focuses on the functions or actions of the mind and the goals of behavior Functionalism- study of how people and animals react to their environments

Structuralism vs. Functionalism Wundt Concerned with the STRUCTURE of something What’s it made of? Why do we think this way? Functionalism James Concerned with the FUNCTION of something What does it do? What are the results of thinking this way?

Inheritable Traits Francis Galton (1822-1911)-Heredity Concluded that intelligence and prominence are hereditary traits. Did not consider the role of environment when making this conclusion.

Gestalt Psychology Perception is more than a sum of parts, but it involves a “whole pattern” How sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences Example- chair

Psychoanalytic Psychology Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)- Our conscious experiences are only the tip of the iceberg Beneath the surface are primitive biological urges in conflict with society and morality

Different Perspectives in Psychology Biological Psychology Behavioral/Clinical Psychology Cognitive Psychology Humanistic Psychology Psychodynamic Psychology Social-Cultural Psychology Evolutionary Psychology

Biological Perspective/ Neuroscience Focus How the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences. Sample Issues How do evolution and heredity influence behavior? How are messages transmitted within the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?

Biological Psychology Study of how physical and chemical changes in our body influence our behavior PET scans and CAT scans Twins and autism 17

Behavioral/Clinical Perspective Focus How we learn from observable responses. How to best study, assess and treat troubled people. Sample Issues How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter certain behaviors? What are the underlying causes of: Anxiety Disorders Phobic Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Behavioral Psychology Ivan Pavlov rang a tuning fork each time he gave a dog meat powder dog began to salivate to the tune of the fork 19

Behavioral Psychology Psychologists began to account for behaviors as The product of prior experience Could explain how differences among individuals were the result of learning 20

Behavioral Psychology Behaviorism- how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment (John Watson) Reinforcement (Skinner) – response to a behavior that increases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated 21

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Cognitive Perspective Focus How we encode, process, store and retrieve information. Sample Issues How do we use info in remembering and reasoning? How do our senses govern the nature of perception? (Is what you see really what you get?) How much do infants “know” when they are born?

Cognitive Psychology Study of how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how cognitive processes influence behavior (Piaget, Chomsky) Behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes, including perceptions, memories, and expectations 24

Humanistic Perspective Contradictory to Behaviorism Maslow, Rogers and May We are evolving and self-directed with the ability to develop our full potential Believe we have free will and are not controlled by the environment or our past

Humanistic Psychology Belief that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth (Maslow, Rogers) Humans are not controlled by events in the environment or by outside forces- these things just serve as a background to our own internal growth Potential for personal growth 26

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Psychodynamic/Psychoanalysis Perspective Study of behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts Study of the unconscious mind, motives and behaviors Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Internal conflicts Free association

Psychoanalytic Psychology Unconscious motivations and conflict are responsible for medically unexplainable physical symptoms 29

Freud- Free Association A patient says everything that comes to mind no matter how absurd As a psychoanalyst, he sat and interpreted Dreams are expressions of primitive unconscious urges Use of case studies 30

Social-Cultural Perspective Focus How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. Sample Issues How are we, as members of different races and nationalities, alike as members of one human family? How do we differ, as products of different social contexts? Why do people sometimes act differently in groups than when alone?

Sociocultural Psychology Studies the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning Shared cultures and perspectives across culture (ex- sneezes) Immigration Gender, socioeconomic status 32

Evolutionary Perspective How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes. Focus on the evolution of behavior and mental processes. Suggests that many kinds of behavior patterns, such as aggressive behavior, also have an hereditary basis. Belief that inherited tendencies influence people to act in certain ways.

Psychology Bingo Physiological Cognitive Psychology Structuralism Introspection Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism William James Sir Francis Galton Gestalt Psychoanalytic Psychology Sigmund Freud Free Association Case Study Ivan Pavlov Behaviorism B.F. Skinner Phrenology Cognitive