Nucleosynthesis and formation of the elements

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Presentation transcript:

Nucleosynthesis and formation of the elements

Cosmic abundance of the elements Mass number

Nucleosynthesis Big Bang – ca 12 000 Ma Supernova – ca 5 000 Ma Condensation of matter and formation of the known elements . . .

In the seconds following the Big Bang Condensation of matter into p and n Formation of the fuel of the stars . . . H et He T  3 x 109 K p + e–  n + v 1H + n  2H + g 2H + p  3He + g 3He + n  4He + g

Diagramme Hertzprung-Russel

1st Generation Stars - H fusion and production of 4He 1H + 1H  2H + b+ + v 0.422 MeV 2H + 1H  3He + g 5.493 MeV 3He + 3He  4He + 1H + 1H 12.859 MeV

2nd Generation Stars (Our sun today) Fusion by CNO reaction 12C + 1H  13N + g 13N  13C + b+ + v 13C + 1H  14N + g 14N + 1H  15O + g 15O  15N + b+ + v 15N + 1H  12C + 4He

He Fusion in Red Giants (~ 106 to 107 years) 4He + 4He  8Be 8Be + 4He  12C + g 12C burning (<1000 years) 12C + 4He  16O 12C + 12C  20Ne + 4He + g 16O burning (<1 year) 16O + 16O  28Si + 4He + g 12C + 16O  24Mg + 4He + g

End of a Red Giant's life: Si combustion: lasts about 1day 28Si + 4He  32S + g 32S + 4He  36Ar + g 36Ar + 4He  40Ca + g 40Ca + 4He  44Ti + g  44Ca + 2b+ 44Ti + 4He  48Cr + g  48Ti + 2b+ 48Cr + 4He  52Fe  52Cr + 2b+ 52Fe + 4He  56Ni + g  56Fe + 2b+ 56Ni / 56Fe + 4He  impossible . . .

Nuclear binding energy maximum maximum at 56Fe after, fusion becomes endothermic nucleosynthesis beyond 56Fe is by neutron capture and by fission of nuclides with Z > 90 (uranium and transuranics) http://www.chem.uidaho.edu/~honors/nucbind.html

Supernova and 2nd generation stars

Supernova remnants Cygnus Loop (HST): green=H, red=S+, blue=O++ Cas A in x-rays (Chandra) Vela Remnant of SN386, with central pulsar (Chandra) SN1998bu

Nucleosynthesis by n and p capture

Elements > Fe: neuton activation CNO Fe: produced in the final stage of fusion Equilibrium burning Elements > Fe: neuton activation in supernova Mg Ar Na Al Cr P Ti Mn Cl Fissionable Elements K Co F V Instable