Altering foot progression angle in people with medial knee osteoarthritis: the effects of varying toe-in and toe-out angles are mediated by pain and malalignment 

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Altering foot progression angle in people with medial knee osteoarthritis: the effects of varying toe-in and toe-out angles are mediated by pain and malalignment  M. Simic, T.V. Wrigley, R.S. Hinman, M.A. Hunt, K.L. Bennell  Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  Volume 21, Issue 9, Pages 1272-1280 (September 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.001 Copyright © 2013 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 The real-time movement biofeedback system used for training and walking with altered FPA. Participants walked towards the projection screen which displayed the FPA of their study limb in real-time (purple arrow) as well as the target to be achieved. The arrow was only clearly visible during the limb's contact with the ground (during swing it was dimmed). A green band represented the target area (corresponding to the target angle ± 2°). Participants were instructed to reach the target when the foot of the study limb was on the ground. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2013 21, 1272-1280DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.001) Copyright © 2013 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Ensemble averages for the (a) FPA, (b) external KAM and (c) external KFM during the stance phase for each of the six conditions: natural gait, targeting 10° of toe-in, targeting 0° FPA, targeting 10° of toe-out, targeting 20° of toe-out, and targeting 30° of toe-out. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2013 21, 1272-1280DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.001) Copyright © 2013 Terms and Conditions