Earth (“Geo”). Earth (“Geo”) The main difference between Earth Science and the rest of the sciences (except for astrophysics) is the use of “DEEP.

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Presentation transcript:

Earth (“Geo”)

The main difference between Earth Science and the rest of the sciences (except for astrophysics) is the use of “DEEP TIME”. For us a million years passes like a 15-minute break. Geological processes can take place more slowly than people can notice. But because they run for extremely long periods of time their effects are great. Water recharge in Baton Rouge takes 1000 years Climate change has been accelerated by CO2 emissions over the past 100 years.

Principle of Uniformitariansim “The present is the key to the past” — James Hutton

Some Geologic Events are Slow The Grand Canyon It took more than 250 million years to deposit this sequence of rocks. The rocks at the bottom of the canyon are about 2 billion years old.

Some Geologic Events are Rapid Meteor Crater This feature (~2 km across) formed in less than one minute about 50,000 years ago

Seismic waves – illuminate Earth’s interior • Compression and shear waves behave differently and are bent or absorbed at layer (chemical) boundaries within the Earth Earth’s interior is layered according to density • Surface rock density is less than 3.5 g/cm3 • Whole Earth density is 5.5 g/cm3 • Core density must be about 8 g/cm3

Composition of the Earth (70%) Key earth elements in the crust: Si, O Key earth elements in the earth: Fe, Si, O

Chemical Composition of Earth Whole Earth: Fe+O+Si+Mg = 93% Crust: Si+O+Al = 82%

Crust

Mantle Crust

Mantle Crust Liquid iron outer core

Mantle Crust Liquid iron outer core Solid iron inner core

The crust: continents are made of lighter rock and thus literally “float” on material of higher density. 0 (km) Oceanic crust (3.0 g/cm3) 10 20 Continental crust (2.8 g/cm3) 30 Mantle (3.4 g/cm3) 40 50 Moho discontinuity Horizontal distance not to scale

Less dense continental crust floats on denser mantle. 10 20 30 40 50

Global Chemical Differentiation

Earth as a Group of Interacting Systems Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Deep Mantle, Inner Core interact e.g. Volcanic degassing creates warm periods in Earth’s history The oceans buffer greenhouse gases The Core’s magnetic field allows migration of fish and birds