Pharmacology of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition in the kidney Kanwar Nasir M. Khan, Susan K. Paulson, Kenneth M. Verburg, James B. Lefkowith, Timothy J. Maziasz  Kidney International  Volume 61, Issue 4, Pages 1210-1219 (April 2002) DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00263.x Copyright © 2002 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Differential roles of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 in physiological and pathological processes. Kidney International 2002 61, 1210-1219DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00263.x) Copyright © 2002 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Immunohistochemical localization of COX-1 in the collecting ducts and papillary interstitial cells (arrows) (A) and COX-2 in the macula densa (B) of canine kidney. Note the lack of COX-2 in the macula densa (arrow) of non-human primate kidney (C). (Reproduction of this figure in color was made possible by Pharmacia.) Kidney International 2002 61, 1210-1219DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00263.x) Copyright © 2002 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Potential interactions between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) axis and COX-2 in the macula densa. Angiotensin and aldosterone directly or indirectly regulate renin production and release and maintain intravascular volume homeostasis. Under basal conditions, constitutive COX-2 in the macula densa of rats and dogs may modulate renin release. In humans, conditions that result in perturbation of volume homeostasis or hyper-reninemia (such as congestive heart failure) lead to induction of COX-2 in the macula densa and increased prostaglandin synthesis. Local prostaglandins are responsible for auto-regulating against vasoconstriction of the renal afferent arteriole produced by angiotensin, thus maintaining renal hemodynamics. Abbreviations are: JG cells, juxtaglomerular cells; MD, macula densa; Ang II, angiotensin II; PGs, prostaglandins; EA, efferent arteriole; AA, afferent arteriole. Kidney International 2002 61, 1210-1219DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00263.x) Copyright © 2002 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions