The Scientific Method 2/18/1996 …lots and lots and lots of math.

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The Scientific Method 2/18/1996 …lots and lots and lots of math.

Goal What is the scientific method? What does the scientific method assume? Does the scientific method work?

The Scientific Method Observe an event. Develop a model (or hypothesis) which makes a prediction. Test the prediction. Observe the result. Revise the hypothesis. Repeat as needed. A successful hypothesis becomes a Scientific Theory. model test

Everyday Science Scientific Method Car Repair Observation Engine won’t turn over. Hypothesis (prediction) Predict battery is dead. Test Replace battery. Observe result Engine now turns over. Revise hypothesis? Not needed. New test? Scientific Theory Cars won’t work without a fully charged battery.

Making Spaghetti Sauce Everyday Science Scientific Method Making Spaghetti Sauce Observation Spaghetti sauce should be red. Hypothesis (prediction) Try a tomato sauce. Test Heat pot of tomato sauce. Observe result Taste the sauce - bland. Revise hypothesis? Use tomato sauce and garlic! New test? Add garlic, taste - not so bland. Scientific Theory The Final Recipe.

Repeatability A successful theory is repeatable. Example: By you. By anyone. Example: Cold Fusion (1989)

Requirements Objective reality Constant Laws of Nature We all see the same world. Constant Laws of Nature What happens here, happens there. What happened yesterday will happen tomorrow. The Cosmos is knowable.

Does it work? Scientific Method is a tool. Does this tool work? Life expectancy Mortality rates

Theories So: a theory is a highly successful hypothesis. All hypotheses make predictions. All theories make predictions. All theories can be tested. Result: Any scientific theory is subject to change as our ability to make tests, or make observations of a test’s results, improves with time.

Non-scientific Theories Make no predictions Un-testable Can’t be falsified

Non-scientific Theories Car won’t work?  Aliens drained the battery. Spaghetti is bland?  You were meant to eat bland food. Car won’t work?  Gods must be angry. Spaghetti is bland?  At the instant of tasting, tongue is transported to alternate dimension where all flavors are rendered nullified. Happens instantaneously.