SAFE 602/SAFE 791 Week 2 class

Objectives Quizzes assignments overview Identify the Research proposal components Discuss research ethics and IRB Define the research variables Discuss the levels of measurements Be familiar with the research validity and reliability Identify the proper way of citation

Quizzes and assignments Quiz 1 is open today for a week IRB CITI Training certification was due today Article review assignment is due next week

Proposal content Purpose Background and significance Methods Outcomes Timeline Resources References Appendices

Research Ethics As a researcher, you have certain ethics you need to uphold. Some of your responsibilities include protecting participants from harm, adhering to promises made to participants, privacy and confidentiality, Right to withdraw at any time, etc.

The Institutional Review Boards The Institutional Review Board at an institution engaged in research must review and approve research if it involves use of human subjects. The Institutional Review Board for the Protection of the Human Subjects (IRB) is the regulatory body of IUP that is responsible for the review of research that involves human participants.

Variables Independent Variable An independent variable is one that an investigator manipulates to determine its effect. Independent variables seem to have a causative effect upon other variables. Dependent Variable Variations in dependent variables are assumed to depend on or be caused by another variable. The one we measure

Levels of Measurement of Variables Nominal This level is good for identifying categories. Ordinal In this level categories have an order and this order is significant, common with rankings. Zero is the absence of the thing.

Levels of Measurement of Variables Interval At this level variables are ranked using numbers and the distances between the numbers have a real meaning. No meaningful zero point exists, E.g. “Standard scores” on cognitive & affective scales Temperature: Fahrenheit & centigrade scales Calendar dates Zero is the absence of the thing.

Levels of Measurement of Variables Ratio In this level an interval variable has a meaningful zero point. E.g. Weight, area, speed, velocity. In education, budgets and number of students are measured on ratio scales. Resources: http://onlinestatbook.com/2/introduction/levels_of_measurement.html http://www.indiana.edu/~educy520/sec5982/week_3/measurement_rsm.pdf Zero is the absence of the thing.

Validity Versus Reliability Are you measuring what you are supposed to be measuring? Two types: Internal and external Reliability: Are you measuring consistently?

Internal Validity Internal validity is the extent to which observed differences on the dependent variable are attributed to the independent variable and not to some confounding variables. The key to internal validity is whether or not subjects can be randomly assigned to various levels of the independent variable. Think about: within subjects

External Validity External validity is the extent to which the results of the study can be generalized elsewhere. You make generalizations about a population, is the sample representative of the population? Think about: between subjects

Content Validity Content validity is the degree to which a test measures an intended content area.

Reliability Reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures. This is the group to which the researcher would like the sample results of a study to be generalizable.

Sample A sample is a number of individuals selected from a population for a study, preferably in such a way that they represent the larger group from which they were selected.

Research Study Information Purpose of study Problem statement/research questions Assumptions & limitations Rationale/significance Research methodology - general method, data collection and analysis Major findings and conclusions

Citations Use an approved method of citing the references Use Parenthetical citations in the paper APA Journal Article: Devine, P. G., & Sherman, S. J. (1992). Intuitive versus rational judgment and the role of stereotyping in the human condition: Kirk or Spock? Psychological Inquiry, 3(2), 153-159. In the text: Judgment styles can vary greatly with intuitive judgment being most often identified in studies (Devine & Sherman, 1992). Use Link: Purdue Online Writing Lab http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

How to properly cite Go to one of the search engine, such as google scholar:

Type the article title: Intuitive versus rational judgment and the role of stereotyping in the human condition (copy-paste)

Click ok, and you will get this:

Click on “Cite”

Copy-paste the style you want or export to Endnote.