What is Organic Chemistry? What do you know about Carbon?

Carbon Compounds (2.3) Organic Chemistry Carbon has 4 valence electrons

Macromolecules “giant molecules” Formed by polymerization Small units (Monomers) join together to form polymers

Four groups of Organic Cmpds. Found in Living things 1. Carbohydrates - made up of C, H, O 1:2:1 Main source of energy for living things Structural in plants and some animals Glucose broken down, supplies energy Extra sugar stored as complex CHO STARCH starch = polymer sugar molecules = monomers

Monosaccharides -single sugar molecule -glucose, galactose, fructose Polysaccharides -formed from monosacc. -extra sugar stored in glycogen

Carbohydrates Starch Glucose

Lipids Insoluble in water Made mostly from C and H Fats, oils, waxes Used to store energy Part of biological membranes and waterproof coverings Steroids (chemical messengers, ex. cholesterol) are lipids

Structure of Lipids Glycerol + fatty acids (fig.2-14) Saturated-each C in the F.A. is joined to a C by single bond (F.A. contains the max. no. H atoms)

Unsaturated-at least one C-C double bond in the F.A. Polyunsaturated-F.A. contains more than one double bond Unsaturated-liquid at room temp. Cooking oils = polyunsaturated

Nucleic Acids Macromolecules made up of H, O, N, C, P Polymers assembled from nucleotides (monomers) Nucleotides made of 3 parts: 1. 2. 3.

Nucleic acids Store and transmit genetic information Two kinds of N.A. 1. RNA (ribose) 2. DNA (deoxyribose)

The structure of a nucleic acid Nucleotide Nucleotides Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine

Proteins Macromolecules, contain C, H, O, N Made up of amino acids *peptide bonds -amino group -carboxyl group -More than 20 different A.A. in nature -the side chain called the R-group is different -Dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis

Functions of Proteins Control rate of reactions Regulate cell processes Used to form bones, muscles Transport materials into or out of cells Help fight disease Up to 4 levels of organization