... the chemistry of living things. Biochemistry ... C O ... the chemistry of living things. H

There are only 106 kinds of stuff in the world.

Each type of stuff is called an ... hydrogen Element- substances that are composed of only one type of atom. (pure)

Living things are made up of only some of these elements.

All elements are made up of small particles called ... Atoms Nucleus Protons: positive charge Neutrons: neutral charge Electrons: negative charge

Electrons move around the nucleus, but not necessarily in perfect circles.

The 4 organic compounds we get from food are: Carbohydrates- mostly sugars and starches for energy (70%) Lipids(Fats)- needed in small amounts to regulate cells (10%) Proteins- needed to build and maintain body (20%) Nucleic Acids- needed to build genetic code (found in all foods)

Carbohydrates Digested into small monomers called monosaccharides. C H O 6 12 6 Digested into small monomers called monosaccharides. Glucose is an example of one. Also fructose, galactose, maltose, ...

Monomer- one molecule Polymer- 2+ molecules combined

Carbohydrates Two monosaccharides bonded together form a disaccharide, a small polymer. One water molecule is removed to join the 2 monosaccharides. C12 H22O11

Carbohydrates Many monosaccharides joined together to create a large polymer, called a polysaccharide. The many starches are a good example.

Lipids Digested into 2 smaller monomers, fatty acids and glycerol. Lipids are larger molecules that are mainly used to maintain cell health. Fatty acid(oleic) Glycerol

Proteins Digested into 21 different monomers called amino acids. These “building blocks” recombine into new protein according to the animal’s genetic code.

Here are a few amino acids. Phenylalanine Glutamine Arginine These join together in your body to make hair, skin, muscle, etc.!!

Two amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond to make a dipeptide, a small polymer.

In reality, most proteins are made of MANY amino acids joined together to make a polypeptide, a large polymer.

Compounds that make up our genetic material, DNA. Nucleic Acids Compounds that make up our genetic material, DNA.

One Nucleotide The base unit or monomer of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide. Several nucleotides bond together to create a DNA molecule, a polymer.

METABOLISM and ENZYMES Metabolism: all of the reactions in a cell. Two basic kinds of reactions: Catabolic- complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones. Ex. Digesting starch into monosaccharides for energy 2. Anabolic- complex molecules are built up from simpler ones. Ex. Combining amino acids to build muscle protein

Catalyst- a chemical that speeds up reactions In order for catabolic and anabolic reactions to happen at the speed necessary to sustain life, the reactions need Enzymes. Catalyst- a chemical that speeds up reactions Enzymes- protein molecules that catalyze a biological reaction. Enzymes only work on specific substances(substrates). Enzymes are reusable. Active Site: portion of the enzyme that the substrate fits in

Substrate- molecule being acted on by the enzyme Product(s)- molecule or molecules created by the reaction Ex. Catabolic reaction splitting one molecule into two

Action of enzyme (Catabolic reaction) enzyme-substrate complex enzyme-product complex enzyme substrate enzyme products

Action of enzyme (Anabolic reaction) enzyme-substrate complex enzyme-product complex enzyme product enzyme substrate

Enzymes Lock and Key Analogy: lock = enzyme, key = substrate. product Enzyme

Lock and key hypothesis SHAPES DON’T MATCH

Enzymes in the Human Body(2700 enzymes) Amylase in saliva speeds the breakdown of starch (catabolic) Lipase from the pancreas speeds the breakdown of lipids in the small intestine (catabolic) Polymerase is used in building DNA from monomer nucleotides. (anabolic) GTPases work in the cells to create protein chains from amino acids. (anabolic) Nuclease from the pancreas speeds the breakdown of DNA into nitrogen bases and sugars for the production of nucleotides (catabolic)

Enzymes in Biotechnology 1. Washing powders that have enzymes are called biological washing powders. They act on certain stains such as blood, grass stains: proteases, oils, fats: lipases. They make the detergent more effective (gets stains out better) and more efficient (use less) 2. Esterase removes glues and other chemicals from recycled paper as it is in the pulp stage for making new paper

3. Proteases and Lipases are used to tan(soften) leather and and remove hair and fat. 4. Cellulase is used to make ethanol for cars/trucks from corn and other grains. 5. Maltase and Oxidase are used to create sugar from grain, replacing the need for sugar cane growth. Enzymes Rock!! movie