BELLWORK: 12/12 How did the Exploration Era contribute to the increased power of monarchs? Can you think of any other historic events that increased the power of monarchs? Define absolutism. Define divine right of kings. THINKER: What is an absolute monarchy? Why would countries and citizens support this type of government?

Absolute Monarchies Note Wkst Background: This form of government, known as absolutism, placed absolute, or unlimited, power in the monarch and his/her advisors. The strength of absolutism rested on divine right – the political idea that monarchs receive their power directly from God and are responsible to God alone for their actions. Today you will read about four absolute monarchs – Philip II, Elizabeth I, Louis XIV and Peter the Great. Focus your reading/notes on how they ruled and how they abused their power (political, religious or economic)

Spain – Philip II 3

England – Elizabeth I 4

England defeated the Spanish navy (dramatically weakened Phillip’s power) 5

France - Louis XIV 6

8

Russia - Peter the Great 10

Fall Final Reminders This Week  Political/Scientific developments post-Ren/Ref Final Study Guide = 70 points!!! Historical Vocabulary: 36 terms (1/2 point each) Important People: 18 people (1/2 point each) Study Questions: 16 questions (2-3 points each!) Final Exam = 10% of Fall Semester Grade Fall Final Essay  Cause & Effect (2%) Friday December 15th! Fall Final Exam  62 MC questions (w/ sources) & 13 countries (8%) The LAST day to turn in any late/missing work is FRI 12/15! I will also collect bathroom passes on Friday for extra credit!

Fall Final Study Guide: 70 pts. WRONG: RIGHT: Achievements of early civilizations were government, farming, architecture, math, compass, weapons and writing. Mesopotamia: Fertile Crescent = focus on farming, ziggurats (polytheistic), cuneiform, numbering years, plow, domestication of animals Egypt: Hieroglyphics, tombs, polytheistic, government ruled by pharaoh (New, Old, Middle Kingdom) You are preparing for a FINAL that is worth 10% of your grade! Include as much detail as possible! This is the best way to study!

Fall Final Essay: Cause & Effect Thesis WRONG: RIGHT: There are many causes and effects of Reformation. In this essay, I will explain the causes and effects of Reformation. Since the Catholic Church did bad things, they went through a Reformation period. After this period, they changed a lot of their practices. The corruption of the church was characterized by the sale of indulgences, power of the clergy and use of the Inquisition. These abuses of power led to the Reformation period which made indulgences illegal, translated the bible, and separated church and state.

Fall Final: Geography Portion You will be asked to identify key countries of study during the fall semester. Label countries of study from: Early Civilizations Middle Ages Renaissance and Reformation

BELLWORK: BLOCK 2 What did all absolute monarchs have in common? Which monarch do you think was the most absolute, oppressive or restrictive? Why? What is philosophy? What might a philosopher from the Renaissance write about? THINKER: “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Analyze this quote by Voltaire. What is he saying? Why? How does this relate to modern issues over freedom of speech? Can you think of any examples?

Politics during the Renaissance Absolute monarchs and the philosophers that challenged them Brainstorm a list of things you know about the U.S. government. (How is it set up? Branches? People? Etc.)

THINKER: “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Analyze this quote by Voltaire. What is he saying? Why? How does this relate to modern issues over freedom of speech? Can you think of any examples?

The Enlightenment “All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.” John Locke

Question of Government What is philosophy? European philosophers began debating the question of who should govern a nation— should kings continue to rule absolutely or should democratic forms of government develop?

The Enlightenment The period of political change in Europe from ~1600 – 1800 Time of rapid scientific development, exploration of the New World and challenges to church and state authorities. Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of reason to solve the problems of humans Pages 297-306

John Locke The government should be limited and uphold people’s natural rights, and if did not, people could rebel Created concept of “inalienable” natural rights--life, liberty and property (everyone had these!)

Thomas Hobbes Argued that absolute monarchy was the best form of government Believed people were naturally corrupt and violent, and could only be controlled with an absolute monarchy Social Contract- People give up rights and personal freedoms in exchange for protection from ruler

Baron de Montesquieu Promoted the idea of separation of powers-power should be divided equally among the branches of government This created a balance of power in which all branches “check” power of the others Three branches: Executive, Judicial, Legislative

Identify the 3 branches of government and their role in the United States today.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Believed man was naturally good, but corrupted by society Right to rule rested with the people and should rule for the common good Supported and influenced idea of democracy

Voltaire Believed an absolute monarchy was the best form of government, but should be limited with a Bill of Rights Inspired England’s Bill of Rights! Advocate of freedom of speech and religion Believed an “enlightened monarch” was the most suitable ruler (allowed religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education)

Brainstorm….. Think of 5 things from the Enlightenment Era that are present in America’s government.

Conclude… What aspect of Rousseau’s philosophy do we have in our US Government?

Voltaire “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it” Analyze this quote by Voltaire. What is he saying? What is he advocating? Why?