India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

Independence, 1947 India National Congress, 1885 Wanted a share in India’s leadership Turned into independence leadership after WW I Leadership: Nehru, Gandhi Muslim League, 1906 Supported Muslim concerns Leadership - Nehru Amristar Massacre, 1919 Cloth boycott (homespun) Great Salt March, 1930 Independence, 1947: created India and Pakistan

Positive Effects of Imperialism - India the world’s third largest railroad network was a major British achievement. a modern road network, telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals Sanitation and public health improved. Schools and colleges were founded, and literacy increased.

Negative Impact of Imperilaism for India British held much of the political and economic power. Restricted Indian-owned industries such as cotton textiles. Racism against Indians in their own land Loss of cultural practices and language

Creation of Pakistan After independence from Great Britain, Pakistan was split into two parts separated by India East Pakistan West Pakistan The two parts were only held together by their common religion, Islam.

Differences Between the East and West East Pakistan – very poor (subsidence farmers) West Pakistan – very rich (many raw materials and petroleum) Simply put, the rich controlled the poor and the poor became upset West was also upset over the drain on its resources to aid the east

BANGLADESH War started between West Pakistan & East Pakistan India sided with the East (Bangladesh) West Pakistan became Pakistan East Pakistan became Bangladesh

India since Independence

Nehru Ally of Gandhi. 1st Prime Minister of India, 1947-1964. Industrialized India Nonaligned Movement Neutral between USSR and USA Nehru met Gandhi in 1916 at the annual Indian National Congress convention. He participated in the nonviolent civil disobedience campaign and spent time in jail along with Gandhi. At independence, Nehru became the nation’s first prime minister and was continually reelected until his death in 1964. Nehru pushed modernization of the country, and industrialization of its economy.

Indira Gandhi No relation to Mahatma Gandhi Nehru’s daughter. Prime Minister of India, 1966-1984. Faced rebellion Assassinated in 1984 Indira Gandhi was Nehru’s daughter. She married a man named Gandhi who was no relation to the Mahatma. Indira continued industrialization, begun by her father. In 1975 Gandhi was convicted on two counts of corruption in the 1971 campaign. While appealing the decision, she declared a state of emergency, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers. Governing by decree, she imposed total press censorship and implemented a policy of large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated. Although very popular at the polls, she faced a great challenge in dealing with nationalist movements among minority groups, especially the Sikhs in Punjab state. The Sikhs sought independence of Punjab, and when they used terrorism, Indira struck back. The Golden Temple -- an extremely holy Sikh shrine at Amritsar was being used by the terrorists as a weapons storehouse and a sanctuary. Indira ordered a military raid on the temple in which hundreds of Sikhs were brutally killed. In the process, the temple was badly damaged. In retaliation, just a few months later on October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards.

Rajiv Gandhi Indira’s son. Prime Minister of India, 1984-1989. Reformed economy and government Also faced rebellion Assassinated in 1991 . General elections in November 1989 brought the defeat of Rajiv Gandhi. Officials in his government were accused of taking kickbacks from the Bofors Company of Sweden in a purchase of guns for the army. Vishwanath Pratap Singh, leader of the Janata Dal party, was sworn in as prime minister on Dec. 2, 1989. In March 1990 India withdrew the last of its 50,000 troops from Sri Lanka. The peacekeeping force failed in its three-year effort to reconcile the Tamils with the majority Sinhalese. Campaigning to return to office, Gandhi was killed by a bomb blast on May 21, 1991.

Major problems & Issues in India today Overpopulation  1 billion & climbing Hindu-Muslim tensions Terrorism Nuclear Weapons Political assassinations The population of India is just over 1 billion people. It is believed that India’s population will surpass that of China by 2020. No success with family planning, birth control/abortion. Necessity of large families in agrarian subsistence lifestyle. India's economy is uneven at best: many Indians lead a subsistence lifestyle, while a sizeable middle class and a small upper class live in the cities. The situation in Kashmir is quite dangerous. Ongoing hostilities continue, and both sides continue a low-level crossfire across the border of this divided region. Three wars have been fought over Kashmir: 1948, 1965, and 1971. The 1972 partition did not settle the issue. Because both sides, India and Pakistan, have nuclear weapons, some fear that the potential for large-scale war could lead to the use of these nuclear weapons. In the summer of 2002, India and Pakistan came within a hair’s breadth of war.

Kashmir Conflict The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the Jammu and Kashmir regions of South Asia

Kashmir Conflict India and Pakistan have fought several wars over Kashmir, called the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1947, 1965 and 1999.

Nuclear rivalry

Is this a possibility?