VTT 200 General Sciences Chemistry Inorganic & Organic Compounds Coville Ch. 2 pp. pp. 21 >

Inorganic compounds By Definition: Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon The lone exception is Carbon Dioxide (CO2) While CO2 was the original source of carbon for the earliest organisms on earth, several current organisms like plants use CO2 in photosynthesis to make carbon compounds like carbohydrates.

Inorganic Compounds When animals ingest plants, they absorb the carbon atoms into their own tissues—that is why current animals are considered carbon-based life forms Other inorganic compounds include Water and many gases & Acids and bases—to be covered later

Organic Compounds By definition: Organic compounds must contain carbon, but these compounds also may contain other elements incl: hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, etc. Two main groups of Organic Compounds: Hydrocarbons- molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbon Derivatives- contain carbon, hydrogen and other elements

Bonds in Organic Compounds How many valence electrons in Carbon? How many bonds does Carbon make? These bonds are Covalent Bonds and are usually bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or other carbon atoms. Examine these two Hydrocarbons:

Many organic compounds are Isomers Chemical compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas. These may have different chemical properties.

The study of Organic Compounds is the study of Organic Chemistry There are 4 main types of Organics: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates All carbohydrates contain ONLY: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen are ALWAYS in ratio of 2:1.

Carbohydrates Simplest are the single unit sugars called monosaccharides Glucose Fructose Galactose

Carbohydrates… Two monosaccharides may link together by dehydration synthesis (removal of water) to form Disaccharides

Carbohydrates… Polysaccharides: chains of many monosaccharides linked end to end by dehydration synthesis. This linking is performed within animal and plant cells to form complex carbohydrates such as: Glycogen (the way animals store carbos in the body) Cellulose (“roughage”) Starch (plant material)

Lipids (Fats) p. 27-28 Composed of carbon, hydrogen and only a little oxygen. Built by combining a Fatty Acid and a Glycerol Molecule Fatty Acids: carbon chains with an acid carboxyl group (COOH) at one end. May be saturated (at least 2 hydrogen's per carbon) or unsaturated

Fat: Glycerol & Fatty Acid Glycerol: a 3 carbon alcohol. The molecules are combined via dehydration synthesis

Lipids: Glycerol & Fatty Acids… Monoglyceride: one fatty acid + glycerol Diglyceride: two fatty acids + glycerol Triglyceride: three fatty acids + glycerol Most common in nature. See p. 29

Phospholipid A special molecule that contains a phosphate group and a nitrogen group bonded to the glycerol In addition, the glycerol backbone has two fatty acid chains extending from the backbone See p. 30 Where have you seen Phospholipids?

Steroids—See p. 31 Another special type of lipid The chain of hydrocarbon is circular and linked to itself, rather than extending as a fatty acid Several important steroids include: Cholesterol, Cortisol, and the reproductive hormones Estrogen and Testosterone

Proteins—pp. 31-33 Proteins are extremely large molecules which are the building blocks of all parts of the animal’s body: skin, tissue, bone, major components of blood, digestive enzymes—about the only system of the body which does not contain protein: nervous system Proteins contain Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and may contain small amounts of Sulfur.

Proteins—Amino Acids Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins All Amino Acids have the same basic structure: -1 central Carbon atom bonded to a H atom; -1 Carboxyl group (COOH); -1 Amino group (H2N); -1 Special structure called a side group. There are about 25 known amino acids in the body See p. 32 They differ by the changing Side group

Proteins—Ribosomes build them Built by the linking of Amino Acids within the ribosomes inside the cell The link is via a Peptide Bond: Amino group of one amino acid bond with the carboxyl group of another, giving off water—see p. 33 Many Amino Acids are linked together by peptide bonds—note the difference between this link and dehydration synthesis as in carbohydrates

Proteins—Structure, see p. 34 By definition: a Protein is 100 or more Amino Acids joined by peptide bonds. Primary Structure: sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain built by Ribosomes Secondary Structure: “Twisting” of a chain via hydrogen bonds between Amino Acids—completed in Golgi Apparatus within the cell Tertiary Structure: Twisted chain folds into a 3-D configuration by the Golgi Apparatus. Final Protein is either used within the cell or moved out of the cell for use elsewhere in the body

Nucleic Acids—p. 35> Nucleic Acids are the building blocks of the enormous, complex molecules of DNA & RNA Elements contained include: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen & Phosphorous. Each individual acid is known as a Nucleotide

Nucleic Acids—Structure, p. 36 There are 4 acids, each with: A 5-carbon sugar 1 phosphate group 1 base group--varies depending on which of the 4 types of Acids They are covalently bonded by dehydration synthesis linking the sugar and the phosphate group as shown to the right

Nucleotides build DNA & RNA Each of the Nucleotides becomes part of the sides of the DNA “ladder”, which is two parallel chains of many individual acids The sides of the ladder are joined together via hydrogen bonds between the base groups—see p. 37 RNA consists of one side of a ladder Where are Nucleotides built in the cell?

Watch the instructor example Chains of DNA The long chains of DNA can be made up of 50-100 nucleotides in simple organisms like Bacteria or hundreds of thousands nucleic acids as in animal DNA Each long strand of DNA is contained within chromosome packages and the number of chromosomes varies with organism complexity **Important NOTE: the 4 acids are base paired in critical fashion: -Adenine may only be paired with Thymine -Guanine may only be paired with Cytosine In this fashion, DNA strands copy in duplication Watch the instructor example