Final Exam Review Standards: 2.2 and 2.3

EEn.2.2.1 Explain the consequences of human activities on the lithosphere (such as mining, deforestation, agriculture, overgrazing, urbanization, and land use) past and present.

. Explain the need for and consequences of various types of land use such as urbanization, deforestation and agriculture. Land Use Need For Consequences Urbanization: more cities and towns Need shelter for growing populations Covers land with hard surfaces leading to more storm water runoff and less seepage into aquifer, increased concentration of pollution. Deforestation Clear land for development, clear land for growing crops, & fuel wood Loss of forested land leads to decrease in photosynthesis, increasing global climate change, and loss of Biodiversity Agriculture Need to feed a growing population Conventional methods use more natural resources (fuel, land space, water, etc.

Mitigate: fix or create more ease. Explain ways to mitigate detrimental human impacts on the lithosphere and maximize sustainable use of natural resources. Mitigate: fix or create more ease. Education: people need to be aware of where things come from and how resources are used to support a certain life style Legislation: ordnances that prevent detrimental practices. (mining  reclamation) Sustainable practices in agriculture: decrease use of synthetic chemicals, water use, and overall negative impact on environment.

Human Activity on Shorelines: Explain the effects of human activity on shorelines, especially in development and artificial stabilization efforts. Human Activity on Shorelines: Beach renourishment: brings different sand to shore. (maybe different organisms). Over development: loss of costal habitat leading to a decrease in Biodiversity. Ex, maritime forest. Population increasing: increase use of coastal resources therefore increasing pollution. Artificial Stabilization: Jetties, does not allow for natural movement of sand. Could harm migratory species of fish

Explain the effects of human activity on mountainsides, especially in development and artificial stabilization efforts. Mountain top removal mining. Artificial stabilization efforts: retaining walls give way in mudslides causing loss of life and property.

Compare the methods of obtaining energy resources: harvesting (peat and wood), mining (coal and uranium/plutonium), drilling (oil and natural gas) and the effect of these activities on the environment. Energy Type Obtained by: Effect on environment Biomass: energy from living things harvesting: sustainable or conventional methods Overuse of land can lead to decreased productivity. Increase in use of synthetic pesticides Coal and uranium/plutonium Mining Subsidence: (sinkholes) Pollution, habitat loss, dangerous Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Fracking: uses lots of water and damaging to underground water supplies Oil: oil spills cause loss of habitat.

Explain how the density of ocean water is affected by temperature and how this results in major ocean currents distributing heat away from the equator toward the poles. Temperature and density share an inverse relationship. As temperature increases, the space between water molecules—also known as density, decreases. (one goes up the other goes down. Water near the equator is warmer because of the radiant energy from the sun. Ocean currents help circulate warmer water from 0 latitude to the poles. http://marinebio.org/oceans/temperature.asp

Explain how coastal climates are moderated by water (due to its high specific heat capacity) in comparison to inland climates.

Evaporation: turning a liquid into a gas Illustrate the water cycle to explain the connection between groundwater and surface water, detailing how groundwater moves through the lithosphere. (Emphasize the processes of evaporation and infiltration in the conceptual diagram of the hydrologic cycle.) Water cycle: Evaporation: turning a liquid into a gas Infiltration/seepage/absorbed: Process by which water enters the ground.

Explain river systems including NC river basins, aquifers, and watersheds. River Basin: The entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries (streams and creeks that feed the river system) Aquifer: Permeable underground layer through which groundwater flows. (Underground water storage) Watershed: The land area that supplies water to a river system. http://www.eenorthcarolina.org/riverbasins-interactive.html

Explain how flood events might be affected by groundwater levels. Hard surfaces: parkinglots Soft surfaces: vegetation, dirt, grass Flood: excessive water.