Unit 3- Cell Communication Review

Which Cell Signaling Error is occurring? Bacteria can release toxins (signals) which alter the signal transduction pathway so that it is stuck in the “on” mode. Interference with Receptor

how are cells able to tell each other apart; so they fuse with the correct mate? Receptors and ligands come in matched pairs; this means that they one recognize one (or a few) of the other. These specific paired signals ensure that certain cells only fuse with the correct opposing mate; so that the desired cellular response that is needed is able to occur

Which type of Cell communication occurs over larger distances? Long Distance aka Endocrine Signaling

Name that Type of Signaling           Local (or short distance) (Paracrine) Signaling

what happens to a cell in apoptosis? The cell shrinks DNA is chopped up Organelles are fragmented Cell parts are packaged up into vesicles and digested

Name the stage of cell signaling Once the final relay molecule receives the signal, a protein triggers the desired cellular reaction to occur Response

Name that Type of Signaling           Direct Signaling

Which Cell Signaling Error is occurring? Sending cells may not always send the correct amount of signals. Sometimes the signal is produced in excess and causes more harm than good Too Much Signal

Name that structure     Target Cell        

Which type of Cell communication occurs between neighboring cells? Direct Contact Signaling

Which Cell Signaling Error is occurring? Sending cells may stop being able to produce the ligand signals needed by target cells to produce important responses throughout the body. Losing the Signal

Which error in communication leads to Excessive Brain Damage after a Stroke? Too Much Signal- When a stoke occurs, the brain cells that have been deprived of oxygen die. During this process they release a signal called glutamine- which in small amounts is helpful in the brain- but in excess it is toxic; so it causes more brain cells to die than were originally affected by the stroke

Develop from a fertilized egg Cells communication allows cells to coordinate activities which allow them to do what 3 main things? Develop from a fertilized egg Survive Reproduce

Name the stage of cell signaling When the target cell detects the signaling molecule which then binds with the target cell’s receptor protein Reception

Which error in communication leads to Cholera? Interference with Receptor- The cholera bacteria produces a toxin which tricks the signal transduction pathway receptor into staying active; so cells release to much sodium and water into the intestines leading to diarrhea.

Name that structure   Cell Response            

Which Cell Signaling Error is occurring? Sending cells may send the ligand signals without problem, but the target cells they are intended for no longer respond to signal; because of this no response is able to occur Target Cell Ignores the Signal/Doesn’t Respond

Define…. Apoptosis: Programmed and regulated cell death

Short Distance (aka Local Signaling) aka Paracrine Signaling Which type of Cell communication occurs over small distances between local cells? Short Distance (aka Local Signaling) aka Paracrine Signaling

Name that Type of Signaling           Autocrine Signaling

Name the stage of cell signaling When the ligand binds to the receptor a relay is triggered which passes the signal through the cell from relay molecule to relay molecule Transduction

Which error in communication leads to Type 1 Diabetes? Losing the signal- The pancreas stops being able to make insulin; so the signal for cells to take up glucose from the blood is lost.

Name 2 reasons why a cell would start apoptosis The cell is infected The cell is a threat to the organism The cell has become damaged The cell has performed it’s job and come to the end of its functional lifespan

Name that structure               Receptor

Describe how external signals create internal cellular responses External signals create internal responses through a series of steps known as the Signal Transduction Pathway. During this process… The signal cell sends a ligand into the extracellular fluid, the target cell’s receptor protein detects the signal and the 2 bind together in a stage known as Reception. After this occurs, a relay (step-by-step process) is triggered within the target cell and the signal is passed from relay molecule to relay molecule; this step is known as Transduction. Lastly, the signal is passed to the final relay molecule which activates a protein in the cell and the desired cellular response is trigged and happens; this stage is known as Response.

Gap Junctions- small pores which connect the neighboring cells What allows neighboring cells to communicate via Direct Contact Signaling? Gap Junctions- small pores which connect the neighboring cells

Which Cell Signaling Error is occurring? Some diseases are linked to a series of events/communication errors which allow the disease to continue to grow without signals and fail to die through apoptosis. Multiple Breakdowns in Communication

Name that structure               Ligands

Which Cell Signaling Error is occurring? The protective coverings around nerves can become damaged; so even though the sending cell will send a signal, the target cells never receives it Signal Doesn’t Reach its Target

Which type of Cell communication occurs where the same cell that sends the message also receives the message? Autocrine Signaling

Which error in communication leads to Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? Signal Doesn’t Reach its Target- Protective coverings around nerve cells become damaged; so they are unable to transmit sent signals through the entire pathway to the target; to the target cell never gets the message.

Name that Type of Signaling           Long-Distance (Endocrine) Signaling

Immune system development What are 2 things that apoptosis helps with during embryological development? Nervous system development- cells that haven’t developed into fully functional nerve cells die off Immune system development Morphogenesis of extremities (hands/feet in humans and paws in other animals)

How does apoptosis allow tadpoles to change into their fully functional adult frog form? When tadpoles transition into their adult form their tails are no longer needed; so the cells that make up the tail go through apoptosis and it disappears.

Which error(s) in communication leads to cancer? Multiple Breakdowns- Cancer often begins when a cell continues to grow and divide even when no signal has been received. Usually this triggers apoptosis, but the cells don’t respond to the death signals and they continue to divide until a tumor has formed. Further cell communication allows blood vessels to form in the tumor so it continues to grow and can spread to other parts of the body.

What is the connection between Apoptosis, the HIV Virus, and AIDs Disease? The HIV virus is able to exploit apoptosis- to use it to it’s advantage. It is able to trick healthy immune system cells (which would normally fight off the virus) into killing themselves so that the HIV virus can take over and eventually lead to AIDS in the victim.

Name that structure Sending Cell            

When Apoptosis fails to occur, what is 1 Non-Life-Threatening outcome? Webbed fingers and toes are a non-life- threatening outcome of the failure of apoptosis to work as it is intended. The skin between the fingers and toes is supposed to go through apoptosis during embryological development, but if it doesn’t happen, you can be born with one or more webbed fingers/toes

Which error in communication leads to Type 2 Diabetes? Target Cell Ignores the Signal- The pancreas sends the insulin signal, but the target body cells no longer respond to the signal which would allow them to take in glucose from the blood.