Chapter 5: Prepositions

שָׁלוֹם בּוֹקֶר טוֹב good morning Hello מַה נִשְׁמַע How’s it going? Speak Hebrew שָׁלוֹם בּוֹקֶר טוֹב good morning Hello מַה נִשְׁמַע How’s it going? it going how’s כֹּל בְּסֶדֶר תּוֹדָה thanks okay All, לְהִתְרָאוֹת Good-bye

א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר שׂ שׁ ת Alphabet Song א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר שׂ שׁ ת

הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב וּמַה־נָּעִים שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב וּמַה־נָּעִים שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ as one brothers dwell and how pleasant how good behold  How good and pleasant it is when brothers live together in unity! (repeat) Chorus: הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ How good when brothers live together in unity!

Qal Perfect Chant 1CS שָׁמַרְתִּי 1 CP שָׁמַרְנוּ 2 MS שָׁמַרְתָּ 2 MP שְׁמַרְתֶּם 2 FS שָׁמַרְתְּ 2 FP שְׁמַרְתֶּן 3 MS שָׁמַר 3 CP שָֽׁמְרוּ 3 FS שָֽׁמְרָה

דָּבָר  דְּבַר דְּבָרִים  דִּבְרֵי Noun Chant דָּבָר  דְּבַר דְּבָרִים  דִּבְרֵי word word of words words of תּוֹרָה  תּוֹרַת תּוֹרוֺת  תּוֹרוֹת law law of laws laws of  Dual: יָד  יָדַיִם יַד  יְדֵי hand hand of 2 hands 2 hands of

5.B The Definite Article (“the”). The consonantal ה is often has a pataḥ under it and followed by a dagesh forte placed in the consonant following it. יֹום (a day)  הַיּוֹם (the day) – Note the dagesh forte in the yôd דָּבָר (a word)  הַדָּבָר (the word)

5.B The Definite Article (“the”). When the initial consonant of the noun is a guttural the dagesh is dropped in the case of ה, ח normal הַ. א, ע, and ר and the pataḥ is shifted up to a qameṣ. הַר (a mountain)  הָהָר (the mountain) חֶ֫רֶב (a sword)  הַחֶ֫רֶב (the sword) עִיר (a city)  הָעִיר (the city) אַב (a father)  הָאָב (the father)

5.B The Definite Article (“the”). עַם (a people)  הָעָם (the people) – notice on single syllable words the pataḥ in the word itself is lengthened to a qameṣ Finally, if a word begins with an unaccented הָ, חָ or עָ the dagesh is dropped and a הֶ is prefixed to the noun instead of the normal הַ . חָמָס (violence)  הֶחָמָס (the violence)

5.C Attaching inseparable prepositions There are three inseparable prepositions that attach themselves as prefixes on words. בְּ in, on, by, with, when, against כְּ like, as, according to, about (time) לְ to, for, at, into, belonging to

5.C Attaching inseparable prepositions Generally, when the inseparable preposition is prefixed on a noun it is normally accompanied by a vocal ševā’. בְּאִישׁ – with a man כְּאֶ֫רֶץ – like a land לְכֹל – to every/all

5.C Attaching inseparable prepositions If the word begins with a ševā’ it influences the ševā’ of the preposition up to a ḥîreq. רְקִיעַ +בְּ  בִּרְקִ֫יעַ in the expanse דְּבָרִים + לְ  לִדְבָרִים for words

5.C Attaching inseparable prepositions If the word begins with a half vowel (ḥatēf-pataḥ, ḥatēf-seghôl or ḥatēf qāmeṣ) the ševā’ goes up to the matching whole vowel. אֲשֶׁר + כְּ  כַּאֲשֶׂר according as, as, when אֲנָשִׁים + בְּ  בַּאֲנְשִׁים among men

5.C Attaching inseparable prepositions If a word begins with a definite article then the ה of the article is replaced by the consonant of the inseparable preposition. הַדָּבָר (the word) + לְ  לַדָּבָר – for the word הָאִיש (the man) + כְּ  כָּאִישׁ – like the man

5.D. Separable prepositions While our vocabulary for this lesson adds five prepositions 1) אֶל [to], 2) מִן [from], 3) עַד [until], 4) עַל [on], 5) עִם [with]).

5.D. Separable prepositions Six others should be added to that list 1) אַחֲרֵי [after, behind], 2) בֵּין [ [between], 3) בְּתוֹךְ [in the midst] 4) לִפְנֵי [before], 5) תַּחַת [under, instead of]) and 6) אֶת [with]. Not be confused with the direct object

5.E. Vāv Conjunction (“and”) וְ is a conjunction meaning “and” occurring over 50,000 times in the Tanak As with inseparable prepositions וְ is regularly prefixed with a vocal ševā’. וְהָאָרֶץ --and the earth (notice the def. art. does not drop as with the prepositions) וְרוּחַ and a spirit וְטוֹב – and good

5.E. Vāv Conjunction (“and”) If the initial consonant to which it is prefixed is a labial (בּ, מ, or פּ) or there is an initial ševā’ then the vāv is attached as a šûreq. וּמֶלֶךְ (and a king) וּבֵית (and a house) וּדְּבַר (and a word of) וּלְכֹל (and to all) If the initial consonant is a יְ the two ševā’s contract into a ḥîreq yôd – וִי יְרוּשָׁלַיִם + וְ  וִירוּשָׁלַיִם

5.E. Vāv Conjunction (“and”) If the initial consonant has a half vowel (ḥatēf- pataḥ, ḥatēf-seghôl or ḥatēf qāmeṣ) when the vāv is added it takes the corresponding vowel matching the half-vowel. אֲרָצוֹת + וְ  וַאֲרָצוֹת – and lands אֱמֶת + וְ  וֶאֱמֶת -- and truth

5.E. Vāv Conjunction (“and”) Finally, sometimes the ו is added with a qāmeṣ (וָ) if prefixed to a monosyllabic word or a word accented on the syllable to which it being prefixed. לַ֫ילָה + וְ  וָלַ֫ילָה -- and ַa night רָע + וְ  וָרָע --and evil

מִן (from) both separable and inseparable at times When מִן comes with a noun that has a definite article it is usually just attached with a maqqēf and added as a normal separable preposition. מִן־הָאָ֫רֶץ – from the land מִן־הַמָּקוֹם -- from the place

מִן (from) both separable and inseparable at times When מִן precedes a noun without a definite article (an indefinite noun) the nûn assimilates as a weak letter causing the initial consonant in the following word to double with a dagesh forte. מֶלֶךְ + מִן  מִמֶּ֫לֶךְ (“from a king” note the nûn dropped and the following מּ is doubled (dagesh forte). יוֹם + מִן  מִיּוֹם (“from a day” note the nûn dropped and the following יּ is doubled (dagesh forte)

מִן (from) both separable and inseparable at times When the מִן precedes a noun that begins with a guttural which cannot be doubled the nûn still assimilates but the ḥîreq compensates by lengthening to a ṣerê. עִיר + מִן  מֵעִיר (“from a city” note the assimilated nûn dropped and the ḥîreq lengthened to a ṣerê) אִישׁ + מִן מֵאִישׁ (“from a man” note the assimilated nûn dropped and the ḥîreq lengthened to a ṣerê)

5.G. Chapter 5 Vocabulary List אֶל to, into, towards 5,512 בְּ in, at, with, among, from 15,545 כְּ like, as 3,038 כִּי because, that, for, when 4,487 לְ for, to, until, towards 20,248

5.G. Chapter 5 Vocabulary List מִן from, out of, because, since 7,563 עַד until, while, toward 1,312 עִיר town, city 1,092 עַל on, upon, above, over 5,777 עִם with 1,048

5.H. Speak: לְהִתְרָאוֹת שָׁלוֹם, (female: you)שָׁלוֹם, אֲנִי טֶד, נָעִים מְאוֹד, לְהַכִיר אוֹתָךְ to meet you (female:you) it is much pleasure I am Ted Hello, Hello, I am Ted, it is a pleasure to meet you (female:you)   (male: you) שָׁלוֹם, אֲנִי טֶד, נָעִים מְאוֹד, לְהַכִיר אוֹתְךָ to meet you (female:you) it is much pleasure I am Ted Hello, Hello, I am Ted, it is a pleasure to meet you (male:you) לְהִתְרָאוֹת שָׁלוֹם, Shalom, Good-bye

Psalm 1 וּבְמוֹשַׁב לֵצִים לֹא יָשָׁב׃c: wicked in the counsel walks not which the person blessed  וּבְדֶרֶךְ חַטָּאִים לֹא עָמָדB: stand not sinners and in a path of וּבְמוֹשַׁב לֵצִים לֹא יָשָׁב׃c: sit not mockers and in the seat