Destiny Ross, Alex Schmidt, and Devin Stone Period 1 Review Destiny Ross, Alex Schmidt, and Devin Stone

Hunter-gatherers -gathered wild foods such as berries, nuts, roots and grains -scavenging and hunting animals; fishing -”paleolithic” or “old stone age” people

Tools -technological advances -stone blades and points fastened to shafts (hand axes) -bones & grindstones appeared -sickles, polished axes, and awls were found by archeologists

Fire -paleolithic people deliberately set fires -five-story farming -eucalyptus trees -Cooking food

Economic structures -hunter-gatherers were mainly egalitarian -most made/found what they needed -the exchange of people, ideas, and goods was made possible by the Neolithic Revolution -agriculture spread to Europe, Central Asia, Egypt and North Africa, along with language -GLOBALIZATION !

Neolithic Revolution and Early Civilizations Why did it happen? It is possible that the Neolithic Revolution was derived from fire-stick farming in Australia, which was a form of plant selection that used fire to encourage the growth of certain plants. Agriculture is similar, but the farmer can stay in one place grow plants, not kill them. What was it? Instead of using the old hunting and gathering methods, the people of the Neolithic Revolution utilized tools, fire, and natural resources to grow crops and to build cities. This led to the creation of large civilizations and populations who occupied those regions, which allowed for more technological, cultural, and scientific advancements.

Neolithic Revolution and Early Civilizations Where was it? The Neolithic Revolution occurred in Mesopotamia and diffused to Egypt, Western Europe, and the Indus River Valley. There may have been independent revolutions in China, Africa, New Guinea, and the Americas. What Were the Impacts? The impacts of the Neolithic Revolution were both good and bad. For example, humans were able to join together to form civilizations and engage in other innovations such as technology and culture, but they also changed the land by making canals, roads, and irrigation systems, and later caused pollution. However, by changing the land, groups of people were able to connect and venture out to new lands and the ocean, creating trade, new transportation (wagons, boats) and a larger production of goods. Despite the negative impacts on the environment, the Neolithic Revolution helped our societies grow and allowed for the beginning of globalization.

More Impacts, Facts, and Reiterations Humans first dispersed out of Africa. Most early civilizations were near rivers, deltas, and oceans (Mesopotamia, the Nile, Indus River Valley, etc.) Early humans used wood, fire, and metals or rocks to build their cities. The growth of these cities was made possible by the Neolithic Revolution. Eventually, humans developed forms of writing (e.g. cuneiform by the Sumerians), religion (e.g. Hinduism by the Aryans), and art (e.g. Greek sculptures and literature). Agriculture->trade->coins and money. Wealth and divinity determined who was the leader. Merchants were usually upper class and gained importance throughout history. Women were either suppressed, had some rights (Sparta), or were equal to men (ancient Egypt).

The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies Core Civilizations Mesopotamia- the first known civilization. (Fertile Crescent) Egypt- First two settlements in the northern and southern Nile river valley. Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa- First major urban settlements. (Indus Valley) Shang- First recorded dynasty in China. Olmecs-First major mexican civilization. Chavin-First South American civilization. Culture The people of mesopotamia created their own belief system consisting of multiple Gods (Angry). Men would now be seen as the works and women would stay in the house. Cuneiform writing system seen as the first writing system. Belief system of multiple Gods (nice). Seasonal floods allowed vegetation. Hieroglyphic writing system. Women were responsible for children, men work in fields Ruled by a pharaoh. Traded with people of both the Indus River and mesopotamia. Standard weight and measures.. Belief in multiple Gods. Ruled by a King. Writting. Centralized government. Developed a writing system. Agriculture innovations. Bronze tools and Iron usage. Ancestor worship. Potterty. The stone heads, other arts, and pottery. Stone tools for art and agriculture. Belief in multiple Gods. Temples for gods. Trade with nearby areas. Pottery and sculptures.

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Early State/Empire Building Within the Early years of empire building their existed a simple hierarchy between slaves, women, peasants, the Elites, and the Emperor. All areas that were settling agriculturally were ruled by a single person with the perception of the son of a God. Building were either built by the owner or by slaves they owned. Weapons & Transport Most Early civilizations had at least stone weapons. Used for fighting back or taking over nomadic people . Without the inventions of cars most people would travel around using animals that were near the civilizations. Such as Camels in the middle East and the Northern Nile civilizations.

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