Features of the Academic Paper

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Presentation transcript:

Features of the Academic Paper

Features of the Academic Paper -Complexity Written texts are lexically dense compared to spoken language - they have proportionately more lexical words than grammatical words. Written texts are shorter and have longer, more complex words and phrases. They have more noun-based phrases, more nominalisations, and more lexical variation.

Features of the Academic Paper -Complexity (Example) The cities in Switzerland had once been peaceful, but they changed when people became violent. (SPOKEN) Violence changed the face of once peaceful Swiss cities. (WRITTEN)

Features of the Academic Paper -Formality In an essay you should avoid: a). colloquial words and expressions; ""stuff", "a lot of", "thing", "sort of", b). abbreviated forms: "can't", "doesn't", "shouldn't" c). two word verbs: "put off", "bring up" d). sub-headings, numbering and bullet-points in formal essays - but use them in reports. e). asking questions

Features of the Academic Paper -Precision In academic writing you need to be precise when you use information, dates or figures. Do not use "a lot of people" when you can say "50 million people".

Features of the Academic Paper -Objectivity This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you. This is related to the basic nature of academic study and academic writing, in particular. Nobody really wants to know what you "think" or "believe". They want to know what you have studied and learned and how this has led you to your various conclusions. The thoughts and beliefs should be based on your lectures, reading, discussion and research and it is important to make this clear.

Features of the Academic Paper -Objectivity (Example) Don't write:" In my opinion, this a very interesting study." Write: "This is a very interesting study." Avoid "you" to refer to the reader or people in general. Don't write: "You can easily forget how different life was 50 years ago." Write: "It is easy to forget how difficult life was 50 years ago."

Features of the Academic Paper -Explicitness As a writer of academic English, it is your responsibility to make it clear to your reader how various parts of the text are related. These connections can be made explicit by the use of different signalling words.

Features of the Academic Paper -Accuracy In academic writing you need to be accurate in your use of vocabulary. Do not confuse, for example, "phonetics" and "phonology" or "grammar" with "syntax". Choose the correct word, for example, "meeting", "assembly" , "gathering" or "conference". Or from: "money", "cash", "currency", "capital" or "funds". You also need to be accurate in your use of grammar. See Accuracy