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We will be examining: stimulus discrimination, stimulus generalization gradients, and everything else relating to Stimulus Generalization

Stimulus discrimination review Responding occurs more frequently in the presence of one stimulus and less frequently in the presence of another stimulus. Stimulus Discrimination:

Young Rod loves animal crackers, especially the elephants. He sorts through the animal crackers his mother gives him and picks out all of the elephants to eat. Does his picking only the elephants demonstrate stimulus discrimination? A.YesYes B.NoNo Left-click your answer

Young Rod loves animal crackers, especially the elephants. He sorts through the animal crackers his mother gives him and picks out all of the elephants to eat. Does his picking only the elephants demonstrate stimulus discrimination? A.YesYes B.No When he picks just the elephants, his picking behavior is under the stimulus control of the shape of cookie. Left-click your answer

Young Rod loves animal crackers, especially the elephants. He sorts through the animal crackers his mother gives him and picks out all of the elephants to eat. Does his picking only the elephants demonstrate stimulus discrimination? A.Yes B.NoNo Excellent! Rod is discriminating between the various shapes of the crackers.

When Rods mother picks him up from his after-school day care, she notices that he never has a problem picking his shoes out from the giant pile of childrens shoes. Does Rods ability to pick out his shoes demonstrate stimulus discrimination? A.YesYes B.NoNo Left-click your answer

Does Rods ability to pick out his shoes demonstrate stimulus discrimination? A.YesYes B.No Left-click your answer When Rods mother picks him up from his after-school day care, she notices that he never has a problem picking his shoes out from the giant pile of childrens shoes. Sorry, but if you reread the text youll see that Rod is discriminating. Try again

When Rods mother picks him up from his after-school day care, she notices that he never has a problem picking his shoes out from the giant pile of childrens shoes. Does Rods ability to pick out his shoes demonstrate stimulus discrimination? A.Yes B.NoNo Correct, Rod is discriminating between his shoes and the other kids shoes.

Dawn took away Rods favorite toy because he was making messes. Rod got upset and for the rest of the day he would make mean faces at Dawn and any other woman he saw. Do Rods facial gestures at all of the women and Dawn demonstrate stimulus discrimination? A.YesYes B.NoNo Left-click your answer Dawn

Dawn took away Rods favorite toy because he was making messes. Rod got upset and for the rest of the day he would make mean faces at Dawn and any other woman he saw. Do Rods facial gestures at all of the women and Dawn demonstrate stimulus discrimination? A.Yes B.NoNo Left-click your answer Dawn We wish he were discriminating, but he isnt. Otherwise he would only make those mean faces at his mother and not the rest of us. Try again.

Dawn took away Rods favorite toy because he was making messes. Rod got upset and for the rest of the day he would make mean faces at Dawn and any other woman he saw. Do Rods facial gestures at all of the women and Dawn demonstrate stimulus discrimination? A.YesYes B.No Dawn Good job, Rod wasnt discriminating and now well take a look at what he was doing. Please arrow forward.

Stimulus generalization review The behavioral contingencies in the presence of one stimulus affects the frequency of the response in the presence of another stimulus. Stimulus Generalization:

So when a stimulus generalizes, there is a failure to discriminate between two or more different stimuli. And an organism responds to physically similar stimuli in the same way. This is what Rod was doing when he made faces at all of the other women and not just Dawn, even though they were all different.

Which answer best represents Rods reactions to the other women and his mother? A.Much stimulus generalizationMuch stimulus generalization B.Much stimulus discriminationMuch stimulus discrimination In Rods case, the concept of Dawn (a female) generalized to all other women. He was not discriminating Dawn from any other woman he saw, so he made faces at all of them. Left-click your answer

Which answer best represents Rods reactions to the other women and his mother? A.Much stimulus generalizationMuch stimulus generalization B.Much stimulus discrimination Left-click your answer In Rods case, the concept of Dawn (a female) generalized to all other women. He was not discriminating Dawn from any other woman he saw, so he made faces at all of them. Sorry, but if you reread the text youll see that Rod is not discriminating. Try again Left-click your answer

In Rods case, the concept of Dawn (a female) generalized to all other women. He was not discriminating Dawn from any other woman he saw, so he made faces at all of them. Which answer best represents Rods reactions to the other women and his mother? A.Much stimulus generalization B.Much stimulus discriminationMuch stimulus discrimination GREAT JOB!! Always remember that generalizing is the opposite of discriminating.

Young Rod has a dog named Chester. Whenever Rod sees another dog, he always says Chester. Does Rods calling all dogs Chester demonstrate stimulus generalization? Chester!!! A. YesYes B. NoNo Left-click your answer

Young Rod has a dog named Chester. Whenever Rod sees another dog, he always says Chester. Does Rods calling all dogs Chester demonstrate stimulus generalization? Chester!!! A. YesYes B. No Left-click your answer Sorry thats wrong. The behavioral contingencies in the presence of Chester are affecting the frequency of Rods responses when he is in the presence of other dogs.

Young Rod has a dog named Chester. Whenever Rod sees another dog, he always says Chester. Does Rods calling all dogs Chester demonstrate stimulus generalization? Chester!!! A. Yes B. NoNo Excellent!!! This is clearly an example of stimulus generalization at work. Arrow forward to continue.

A. YesYes B. NoNo Whenever Rod goes to take his nap in his pre-school class, he sometimes grabs other students blankets and not his own blankie. Does Rods accidental theft of the other kids blankets demonstrate stimulus generalization? R O D Left-click your answer

A. YesYes B. No Whenever Rod goes to take his nap in his pre-school class, he sometimes grabs other students blankets and not his own blankie. Does Rods accidental theft of the other kids blankets demonstrate stimulus generalization? R O D Left-click your answer Sorry chief, but Rod would be discriminating if he could pick out his blankie, but he cant. So is he generalizing?

A. Yes B. NoNo Whenever Rod goes to take his nap in his pre-school class, he sometimes grabs other students blankets and not his own blankie. Does Rods accidental theft of the other kids blankets demonstrate stimulus generalization? R O D Right on!!! Did anyone ever tell you that you might make a fine Behavior Analyst?

A. YesYes B. NoNo RODJUANANGELIQUE When Rod is finally done with a tough day of pre-school, he goes to his cubbyhole and grabs his bear. He never has a problem picking out his cubbyhole from all of the others. Does Rods mastery of finding his cubbyhole demonstrate stimulus generalization? Left-click your answer

A. Yes B. NoNo RODJUANANGELIQUE When Rod is finally done with a tough day of pre-school, he goes to his cubbyhole and grabs his bear. He never has a problem picking out his cubbyhole from all of the others. Does Rods mastery of finding his cubbyhole demonstrate stimulus generalization? Left-click your answer Nope, if Rod can pick his cubbyhole and not pick others, then he is making a discrimination, not a generalization. Try again.

A. YesYes B. No RODJUANANGELIQUE When Rod is finally done with a tough day of pre-school, he goes to his cubbyhole and grabs his bear. He never has a problem picking out his cubbyhole from all of the others. Does Rods mastery of finding his cubbyhole demonstrate stimulus generalization? Yes!! This is clearly an example of a discrimination. Lets keep going.

Stimulus Generalization Experiment Once upon a time, two psychologists named Kalish and Guttman decided to experiment and find out how generalization works. Generalization Hmm Guttman, maybe we should take this one to the Skinner box. Lets get to work. Discrimination

Training Phase First, they intermittently reinforced the key pecks of a pigeon. This means that they only occasionally followed the key peck with a reinforcer. So we reinforce the key peck, but not after each time the pigeon pecks the key. We used a variable-interval schedule.

A. ReinforcerReinforcer B. No reinforcerNo reinforcer C. Its random, so I cant predictIts random, so I cant predict Okay, by looking at the chart showing a variable (random) schedule, what do you think would happen for key Peck #8? Key peck #1Reinforcer Key peck #2No reinforcer Key peck #3No reinforcer Key peck #4No reinforcer Key peck #5Reinforcer Key peck #6No reinforcer Key peck #7Reinforcer Key peck #8? What would follow key peck #8? Left-click your answer

A. Reinforcer B. No reinforcerNo reinforcer C. Its random, so I cant predictIts random, so I cant predict Nice try, but think about what the best option is. Remember, that this is a variable schedule we are dealing with. Key peck #1Reinforcer Key peck #2No reinforcer Key peck #3No reinforcer Key peck #4No reinforcer Key peck #5Reinforcer Key peck #6No reinforcer Key peck #7Reinforcer Key peck #8? What would follow key peck #8? Left-click your answer

A. ReinforcerReinforcer B. No reinforcer C. Its random, so I cant predictIts random, so I cant predict Nope, look at the chart and see if it fits any schedule of reinforcement. Then try again. Key peck #1Reinforcer Key peck #2No reinforcer Key peck #3No reinforcer Key peck #4No reinforcer Key peck #5Reinforcer Key peck #6No reinforcer Key peck #7Reinforcer Key peck #8? What would follow key peck #8? Left-click your answer

A. ReinforcerReinforcer B. No reinforcerNo reinforcer C. Its random, so I cant predict Thats great. Since it is an intermittent schedule, either of the two conditions could follow the key peck. Key peck #1Reinforcer Key peck #2No reinforcer Key peck #3No reinforcer Key peck #4No reinforcer Key peck #5Reinforcer Key peck #6No reinforcer Key peck #7Reinforcer Key peck #8? What would follow key peck #8? Youll learn more about schedules like a variable interval schedule later this semester, but for now just know that the pigeon pecked the key many more times than it received reinforcers, and that the reinforcers were delivered randomly.

The Training Stimulus During the training phase, Kalish and Guttman intermittently reinforced the key pecks only in the presence of a training stimulus- a yellow-green light projected in the Skinner box. TRAINING STIMULUS When the yellow- green light was off, key pecks were never reinforced.

The Training Stimulus During the training phase, Kalish and Guttman intermittently reinforced the key pecks only in the presence of a training stimulus- a yellow-green light projected in the Skinner box. TRAINING STIMULUS Did we reinforce every key peck when the training stimulus was presented? Yes or No Left-click your answer

The Training Stimulus During the training phase, Kalish and Guttman intermittently reinforced the key pecks only in the presence of a training stimulus- a yellow-green light projected in the Skinner box. TRAINING STIMULUS Left-click your answer Did we reinforce every key peck when the training stimulus was presented? Yes or No Since we this was an intermittent reinforcement procedure, we did not reinforce every key peck.

The Training Stimulus During the training phase, Kalish and Guttman intermittently reinforced the key pecks only in the presence of a training stimulus- a yellow-green light projected in the Skinner box. TRAINING STIMULUS Wonderful!! You are absolutely correct. Now lets examine this in more detail.

The Training Stimulus Because they only occasionally reinforced key pecks in the presence of the training stimulus, TRAINING STIMULUS Note that this is not a standard discrimination training procedure, where we would reinforce most of the responses in the presence of the stimulus. most of the total key pecks did not get reinforced.

Youll see that in the next stage of the experiment key pecks wont be reinforced. The intermittent schedule also makes the key pecks more resistant to extinction (it will take more unreinforced key pecks to reduce key pecking). And the experimenters did not want the key peck response to be too sensitive to extinction.

Now suppose you are in the rat lab and, in the presence of the light, you only reinforce chain pulls with water sometimes (but not always). A. YesYes B. NoNo Left-click your answer During extinction, would chain pulling be more resistant to extinction if you reinforced each and every chain pull?

Now suppose you are in the rat lab and, in the presence of the light, you only reinforce chain pulls with water sometimes (but not always). A. Yes B. NoNo During extinction, would chain pulling be more resistant to extinction if you reinforced each and every chain pull? Sorry my friend, but reinforcing each and every chain pull in training would allow the stimulus conditions in training and extinction to be so different that the behavior would not be very resistant to extinction.

During extinction, would chain pulling be more resistant to extinction if you reinforced each and every chain pull? A. YesYes B. No Now suppose you are in the rat lab and, in the presence of the light, you only reinforce chain pulls with water sometimes (but not always). Good analysis, now how about another one.

Now suppose you are in the rat lab and, in the presence of the light, you reinforce each and every chain pull with water. A. MoreMore B. LessLess Left-click your answer During extinction, would chain pulling be more or less resistant to extinction if you reinforced chain pulls only once in a while?

A. MoreMore B. Less Now suppose you are in the rat lab and, in the presence of the light, you reinforce each and every chain pull with water. Sorry my friend, but reinforcing few of the chain pulls in training would allow the stimulus conditions in training and extinction to be so similar that the behavior would be more resistant to extinction.

Now suppose you are in the rat lab and, in the presence of the light, you reinforce each and every chain pull with water. A. More B. LessLess During extinction, would chain pulling be more or less resistant to extinction if you reinforced chain pulls only once in a while? Good analysis, continuous reinforcement makes behavior less resistant to extinction than intermittent reinforcement. The more the training procedure is similar to extinction, the longer it takes to extinguish the response

Training Procedure Behavior The pigeon pecks the key. After The pigeon has food. Training Stimulus ? Before The pigeon has no food. What was the training stimulus? A. The presentation of any lightThe presentation of any light B. The intermittent presentation of the reinforcerThe intermittent presentation of the reinforcer C. A light with the color dimension of yellow-greenA light with the color dimension of yellow-green Left-click your answer

A. The presentation of any light B. The intermittent presentation of the reinforcerThe intermittent presentation of the reinforcer C. A light with the color dimension of yellow-greenA light with the color dimension of yellow-green Training Procedure Behavior The pigeon pecks the key. After The pigeon has food. Training Stimulus ? Before The pigeon has no food. What was the training stimulus? Left-click your answer The presentation of a light was part of the training stimulus, but we wanted to train a specific color as an S D. Try again.

A. The presentation of any lightThe presentation of any light B. The intermittent presentation of the reinforcer C. A light with the color dimension of yellow-greenA light with the color dimension of yellow-green Training Procedure Behavior The pigeon pecks the key. After The pigeon has food. Training Stimulus ? Before The pigeon has no food. What was the training stimulus? Left-click your answer The presentation of the reinforcer was how they established stimulus control by the training stimulus.

A. The presentation of any lightThe presentation of any light B. The intermittent presentation of the reinforcerThe intermittent presentation of the reinforcer C. A light with the color dimension of yellow-green Training Procedure Behavior The pigeon pecks the key. After The pigeon has food. Training Stimulus Yellow-Green Light Before The pigeon has no food. What was the training stimulus? Good answer, the pigeons were trained on the color dimension of the light. Keep going and we will show you why we did this.

The Testing Procedure Once they had the pigeon responding reliably in the presence of the yellow-green light, Kalish and Guttman tested for stimulus generalization. GeneralizationDiscrimination Whats our next step, Guttman? Well old friend, its time to test for stimulus generalization by using an extinction procedure. By testing for stimulus generalization, we mean well present other colors to see how often the pigeon pecks the key.

They used intermittent reinforcement in the training phase and extinction in the testing phase. A. So responding would reduce quickly while they presented the other colorsSo responding would reduce quickly while they presented the other colors B. So responding would still occur to some extent, even though they werent reinforcedSo responding would still occur to some extent, even though they werent reinforced Left-click your answer Why did they want the key pecks to be resistant to extinction for testing?

They used intermittent reinforcement in the training phase and extinction in the testing phase. A. So responding would reduce quickly while they presented the other colors B. So responding would still occur to some extent, even though they werent reinforcedSo responding would still occur to some extent, even though they werent reinforced Left-click your answer Why did they want the key pecks to be resistant to extinction for testing? Sorry, but they need to have some responding, some resistance to extinction in order to measure stimulus generalization. Left-click your answer

They used intermittent reinforcement in the training phase and extinction in the testing phase. A. So responding would reduce quickly while they presented the other colorsSo responding would reduce quickly while they presented the other colors B. So responding would still occur to some extent, even though they werent reinforced Why did they want the key pecks to be resistant to extinction for testing? Right on, they need to have some responding, some resistance to extinction in order to measure stimulus generalization.

The Testing Stimuli They used a range of colors from blue to red to test the pigeon. Blue and red are the two colors least similar to the training stimulus out of all the colors presented. Training stimulus

The Testing Stimuli This was the stimulus in the presence of which key pecks were reinforced. Training stimulus

The Testing Stimuli Then, during testing, all of the colors were presented one by one, by themselves, and no pecks were reinforced. Training stimulus

The pigeon had previously been exposed to only one of the colors of the testing stimuli, the training color (yellow-green). They presented the testing stimuli (the colors from blue to red, including yellow- green), in a random sequence. A. The pigeon had not seen any of the colorsThe pigeon had not seen any of the colors B. The pigeon had seen only one of the colorsThe pigeon had seen only one of the colors C. The pigeon had seen all of the colorsThe pigeon had seen all of the colors Left-click your answer Prior to testing, which of the following was true?

A. The pigeon had not seen any of the colors B. The pigeon had seen only one of the colorsThe pigeon had seen only one of the colors C. The pigeon had seen all of the colorsThe pigeon had seen all of the colors Left-click your answer The pigeon had previously been exposed to only one of the colors of the testing stimuli, the training color (yellow-green). They presented the testing stimuli (the colors from blue to red, including yellow- green), in a random sequence. Prior to testing, which of the following was true? Sorry, but the pigeon had been exposed to at least one of the colors, as indicated by including the training stimulus as part of the testing stimulus.

A. The pigeon had not seen any of the colorsThe pigeon had not seen any of the colors B. The pigeon had seen only one of the colorsThe pigeon had seen only one of the colors C. The pigeon had seen all of the colors Left-click your answer The pigeon had previously been exposed to only one of the colors of the testing stimuli, the training color (yellow-green). They presented the testing stimuli (the colors from blue to red, including yellow- green), in a random sequence. Prior to testing, which of the following was true? You might want to try again, this time pay attention to how we presented the testing and training stimuli.

A. The pigeon had not seen any of the colorsThe pigeon had not seen any of the colors B. The pigeon had seen only one of the colors C. The pigeon had seen all of the colorsThe pigeon had seen all of the colors The pigeon had previously been exposed to only one of the colors of the testing stimuli, the training color (yellow-green). They presented the testing stimuli (the colors from blue to red, including yellow- green), in a random sequence. Thats great!!! Kalish and I love to work with brilliant students. Lets move on and make you a little more brilliant. Prior to testing, which of the following was true?

Stimulus generalization: The behavioral contingencies in the presence of one stimulus affects the frequency of the response in the presence of another stimulus. If we examine our definition of stimulus generalization again, we can understand why they designed the study this way.

In this experiment, the definition would be written like this: So reinforcing key pecks in the presence of the yellow-green light affected the frequency of key pecks in the presence of other colors. But the key pecks in the presence of those other test colors do NOT occur because they were reinforced in the presence of those test colors. The behavioral contingencies (no food key peck food) in the presence of the yellow-green light affects the frequency of the key peck in the presence of any of the other testing colors.

They only reinforced key pecks in the presence of the training stimulus, because if they had reinforced key pecks in the presence of all of the colors, then they could not be certain if the responses to the test colors were due to reinforcement in the presence of these colors OR due to stimulus generalization. A. Because of the history of reinforcement in the presence of the yellow-green training stimulus, orBecause of the history of reinforcement in the presence of the yellow-green training stimulus B. Because of the history of reinforcement in the presence of those other testing colorsBecause of the history of reinforcement in the presence of those other testing colors In the study, did the presentation of the colors other than yellow- green evoke a response…… Left-click your answer

A. Because of the history of reinforcement in the presence of the yellow-green training stimulus, orBecause of the history of reinforcement in the presence of the yellow-green training stimulus B. Because of the history of reinforcement in the presence of those other testing colors In the study, did the presentation of the colors other than yellow-green evoke a response…… They only reinforced key pecks in the presence of the training stimulus, because if they had reinforced key pecks in the presence of all of the colors, then they could not be certain if the responses to the test colors were due to reinforcement in the presence of these colors OR due to stimulus generalization. We only reinforced pecks in the presence of the training stimulus and never reinforced pecks in the presence of the other test colors. If we had reinforced pecks in the presence of the other colors, then we would not be able to know if generalization was occurring. Left-click your answer

A. Because of the history of reinforcement in the presence of the yellow-green training stimulus, or B. Because of the history of reinforcement in the presence of those other testing colorsBecause of the history of reinforcement in the presence of those other testing colors In the study, did the presentation of the colors other than yellow-green evoke a response…… They only reinforced key pecks in the presence of the training stimulus, because if they had reinforced key pecks in the presence of all of the colors, then they could not be certain if the responses to the test colors were due to reinforcement in the presence of these colors OR due to stimulus generalization. Good answer!! We designed the study this way, so that we could be certain that we were studying stimulus generalization. Keep going.

Now suppose that you were presenting the yellow light to the pigeon, and it responded by pecking the key in the presence of the yellow light. Is this an example of stimulus generalization? A. Yes or B. NoYesNo (after it had been trained with the yellow-green light) Left-click your answer Training stimulus Reinforced key pecks No Reinforced key pecks

Training stimulus Reinforced key pecks No Reinforced key pecks Now suppose that you were presenting the yellow light to the pigeon, and it responded by pecking the key in the presence of the yellow light. Is this an example of stimulus generalization? A. Yes or B. NoYes Left-click your answer Pecking in the presence of the yellow light would represent a lack of discrimination, because we had only reinforced key pecks in the presence of the yellow-green light and none in the presence of the yellow light. What is the opposite of discrimination?

Training stimulus Reinforced key pecks No Reinforced key pecks Now suppose that you were presenting the yellow light to the pigeon, and it responded by pecking the key in the presence of the yellow light. Is this an example of stimulus generalization? A. Yes or B. NoNo Thats right. The stimulus generalized from the training color to the testing color, so the pigeon responded to the yellow testing light. Now lets move on, this giant pigeon is scaring me.

Now suppose that you were presenting the yellow light to the pigeon, and it responded by pecking the key in the presence of the yellow light. A. Yes or B. NoYesNo Left-click your answer Wait a minute Kalish, there is a little more to it than that. What about responding to the light onset? Doesnt that mean a discrimination was being made between responding in the presence of light and responding when no light was present?

Now suppose that you were presenting the yellow light to the pigeon, and it responded by pecking the key in the presence of the yellow light. A. Yes or B. NoYes Left-click your answer The pigeon is only making the response when light is presented and doesnt respond when it is absent. So key pecking is under discriminative stimulus control of light on and light off. But the pigeon pecks the key in the presence of colors that were never presented, so that shows stimulus generalization, right? You may want to consider Guttmans question like this. Although the pigeon is generalizing between the colors of light, it is also discriminating between when any light is present and when there is no light.

A. Yes or B. NoNo Good job!!!! The pigeon discriminated between the light being on versus the light being off. This is the stimulus discrimination component of the response. The stimulus generalization component dealt with the color dimension of the light we presented. When dealing with stimulus generalization, the organism discriminates between concepts (sets of stimuli similar along physical dimensions- like the color of the light) and generalizes within the concept (responding to untrained colors as well as the training color). So what you two geniuses are talking about is the fact that there is typically at least some discrimination and generalization occurring in these situations? Thats right giant pigeon!!!! Kalish, I think its time to move on.

They used an extinction procedure during the test phase. This means that no key pecks were reinforced in the presence of any of the colors. COLORKey PeckReinforced? Orange1NO Yellow- green 2NO Blue3NO Red4? Is the key peck for the red stimulus reinforced? A. YesYes B. NoNo Left-click your answer

A. Yes B. NoNo Is the key peck for the red stimulus reinforced? COLORKey PeckReinforced? Orange1NO Yellow- green 2NO Blue3NO Red4? They used an extinction procedure during the test phase. This means that no key pecks were reinforced in the presence of any of the colors. Left-click your answer Sorry, but the key peck would not be reinforced, because this is an extinction procedure.

A. YesYes B. No They used an extinction procedure during the test phase. This means that no key pecks were reinforced in the presence of any of the colors. Is the key peck for the red stimulus reinforced? COLORKey PeckReinforced? Orange1NO Yellow- green 2NO Blue3NO Red4? Good job!!! The key peck is not reinforced, because the testing was done under extinction.

Testing Procedure Behavior The pigeon pecks the key. After The pigeon has no food. Testing Stimulus ? Before The pigeon has no food. What were the testing stimuli? A. The yellow-green lightThe yellow-green light B. Any one of the light colors besides yellow-greenAny one of the light colors besides yellow-green C. Any one of the light colorsAny one of the light colors Left-click your answer

A. The yellow-green light B. Any one of the light colors besides yellow-greenAny one of the light colors besides yellow-green C. Any one of the light colorsAny one of the light colors Testing Procedure Behavior The pigeon pecks the key. After The pigeon has no food. Testing Stimulus ? Before The pigeon has no food. What were the testing stimuli? Left-click your answer Sorry, but that is not the only testing stimulus, please try again.

A. The yellow-green lightThe yellow-green light B. Any one of the light colors besides yellow-green C. Any one of the light colorsAny one of the light colors Testing Procedure Behavior The pigeon pecks the key. After The pigeon has no food. Testing Stimulus ? Before The pigeon has no food. What were the testing stimuli? Left-click your answer Sorry, but the those werent all of the colors that the testing stimuli was composed of.

A. The yellow-green lightThe yellow-green light B. Any one of the light colors besides yellow-greenAny one of the light colors besides yellow-green C. Any one of the light colors Testing Procedure Behavior The pigeon pecks the key. After The pigeon Has no food. Testing Stimulus ? Before The pigeon has no food. What were the testing stimuli? Excellent choice!!! We tested all of the colors to see how they would generalize.

Testing Procedure Behavior The pigeon pecks the key. After Testing Stimulus Any one of the light colors Before The pigeon has no food. What was the testing procedure? A. Intermittent reinforcementIntermittent reinforcement B. ExtinctionExtinction Left-click your answer

Testing Procedure Behavior The pigeon pecks the key. After The pigeon has no food. Testing Stimulus ? Before The pigeon has no food. Left-click your answer Sorry, but that only occurs in TRAINING. Please try again. What was the testing procedure? A. Intermittent reinforcement B. ExtinctionExtinction

Testing Procedure Behavior The pigeon pecks the key. After The pigeon has no food. Testing Stimulus ? Before The pigeon has no food. Left-click your answer Yep, theres no reinforcers delivered AT ALL during testing; they delivered reinforcers in the prior TRAINING condition. What was the testing procedure? A. Intermittent reinforcementIntermittent reinforcement B. Extinction

Results The pigeons made fewer and fewer responses as the colors we presented got increasingly different from the yellow-green light we trained them on. The pigeons responded the most in the presence of the yellow-green light, less with the yellow light, even less with the orange light and the least with the red light. Can you tell us in the presence of what color the pigeon responded the most? Yellow-Green Red Left-click your answer

Results If you recall, my friend was just talking about how responding occurs more often with the yellow-green and less with the red colored light. Almost, but remember the distribution of colors that we looked at earlier. Left-click your answer Yellow-Green Red

Results Now lets take a look at a graph, so you can see what we are talking about. To the data, Kalish!!! Thats good, we are just testing you to make sure that you are still with us. Yellow-Green Red

This responding is what you usually get with a stimulus generalization experiment. Yes, you can see that as the stimulus changes in color, the responding rates change also. So the more the stimuli differ from the training stimulus, the less the amount of generalization and the greater the discrimination. This is called a stimulus generalization gradient. It shows us how responding is affected by changes in a property of the stimulus, like color. Which colors were the pigeons able to discriminate the most from the training color? Blue and Red Green and Red Yellow-Green and Blue Left-click your answer

Once again, the more different the two stimuli are, the less the generalization and the greater the discrimination. The yellow-green color was the training stimulus, we want to know which colors are the most easily discriminated from it. Left-click your answer Blue and Red Green and Red Yellow-Green and Blue

Still, the more different the two stimuli are, the less the generalization and the greater the discrimination. Sorry, take a closer look at the graph and think about what Guttman keeps saying. Left-click your answer Blue and Red Green and Red Yellow-Green and Blue

Very impressive! If you look at the arrows, you can see how the response rates are lower. Thats right Guttman. The responses are less frequent as the colors got increasingly different from yellow- green. Blue and Red Green and Red Yellow-Green and Blue

A. Much generalization and little discriminationMuch generalization and little discrimination B. Little generalization and much discriminationLittle generalization and much discrimination C. None of the aboveNone of the above Left-click your answer Assuming we reinforced key pecks only in the presence of the color yellow, what does this distribution best represent?

Sorry, but it is one of the two options. Left-click your answer A. Much generalization and little discriminationMuch generalization and little discrimination B. Little generalization and much discriminationLittle generalization and much discrimination C. None of the above Assuming we reinforced key pecks only in the presence of the color yellow, what does this distribution best represent?

If there were more stimulus generalization, then the response rates for the other colors would be closer to the rates for the color yellow. Left-click your answer A. Much generalization and little discrimination B. Little generalization and much discriminationLittle generalization and much discrimination C. None of the aboveNone of the above Assuming we reinforced key pecks only in the presence of the color yellow, what does this distribution best represent?

Excellent!!! By looking at the differences in response rates, it is clear that this is much stimulus discrimination A. Much generalization and little discriminationMuch generalization and little discrimination B. Little generalization and much discrimination C. None of the aboveNone of the above Assuming we reinforced key pecks only in the presence of the color yellow, what does this distribution best represent?

A. Little generalization and much discriminationLittle generalization and much discrimination B. Much generalization and little discriminationMuch generalization and little discrimination C. None of the aboveNone of the above What does this distribution best represent, if responses had been reinforced only in the presence of yellow? Left-click your answer

We arent letting you off that easy! Its definitely one of the two. Left-click your answer A. Little generalization and much discriminationLittle generalization and much discrimination B. Much generalization and little discriminationMuch generalization and little discrimination C. None of the above What does this distribution best represent, if responses had been reinforced only in the presence of yellow?

Are response rates similar or quite different? If they are similar then responding occurs the same way in the presence of different stimuli. Left-click your answer A. Little generalization and much discrimination B. Much generalization and little discriminationMuch generalization and little discrimination C. None of the aboveNone of the above What does this distribution best represent, if responses had been reinforced only in the presence of yellow?

A wonderful choice. This is clearly an example of the color yellow generalizing to the colors that are similar to it. A. Little generalization and much discriminationLittle generalization and much discrimination B. Much generalization and little discrimination C. None of the aboveNone of the above What does this distribution best represent, if responses had been reinforced only in the presence of yellow?

Which graph shows the most stimulus discrimination? (after being trained on the color yellow only) Left-click your answer

Sorry chief, that is the opposite of complete stimulus discrimination. Give it another shot. Left-click your answer Which graph shows the most stimulus discrimination? (after being trained on the color yellow only)

Left-click your answer Which graph shows the most stimulus discrimination? (after being trained on the color yellow only) This is a high amount of stimulus discrimination, but it is not complete discrimination. Try again.

Left-click your answer Which graph shows the most stimulus discrimination? (after being trained on the color yellow only) Nope, this is stimulus generalization. Notice how the response rates are similar across the colors.

Alright!! This is definitely complete stimulus discrimination. Now lets try some more. Which graph shows the most stimulus discrimination? (after being trained on the color yellow only)

Which graph shows the most stimulus generalization? (after being trained on the color yellow) Left-click your answer

This is stimulus discrimination, which is the opposite of generalization. so which one is complete generalization ? Left-click your answer Which graph shows the most stimulus generalization? (after being trained on the color yellow)

Left-click your answer Which graph shows the most stimulus generalization? (after being trained on the color yellow) This is a high amount of stimulus generalization, but it is not complete stimulus generalization. Give it another shot.

Left-click your answer Which graph shows the most stimulus generalization? (after being trained on the color yellow) Sorry, but that graph is complete stimulus discriminati on. What is the opposite?

Which graph shows the most stimulus generalization? (after being trained on the color yellow) Good job!! This is complete stimulus generalization. The color dimension of the stimuli have completely generalized, so the response rates are all the same.

Now lets revisit our little buddy Rod. Remember how Rod called every dog that he saw by his dog Chesters name? This represented stimulus generalization, as saying Chester was reinforced in the presence of Chester and not in the presence of any of the other dogs. Chester! Chester was Rods training stimulus and how often he says Chester in the presence of other dogs is a good way to examine stimulus generalization.

Stimulus Generalization Gradient Dog 1 Dog 2 Dog 3 Assuming that saying Chester generalized based on the size dimension of Chester, which dog below would most likely be Dog 3? These bars represent the number of times that Rod said Chester when in the presence of each dog. Left- click your answer

Stimulus Generalization Gradient Dog 1 Dog 2 Dog 3 Sorry, this dog might be Dog 3 if we were looking at the drooling dimension, but think about the sizes of the dogs and try again. Assuming that saying Chester generalized based on the size dimension of Chester, which dog below would most likely be Dog 3? Left- click your answer

Stimulus Generalization Gradient Dog 1 Dog 2 Dog 3 Assuming that saying Chester generalized based on the size dimension of Chester, which dog below would most likely be Dog 3? Close, but youre still not right. Think about the size dimension and try again. Left- click your answer

Stimulus Generalization Gradient Assuming that saying Chester generalized based on the size dimension of Chester, which dog below would most likely be Dog 3? Good job!!! The bulldog was the closest in size and it evoked the response of Chester much more frequently than the other two dogs.

The End Thanks for your participation We hope weve helped you understand the wonderful world of stimulus generalization! And dont forget….

A product of The Behavior Analysis Training System at Western Michigan University

Action Items OwnerDue DateDescription Otto8/30/2002Switch feedback for #10