KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA)

What makes this kingdom unique? Most abundant organisms on Earth Outnumber all other organisms combined More in a handful of dirt than the total number of people who have ever lived

Characteristics Prokaryotes: no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Characteristics smaller than Smaller than smallest eukaryotes prokaryotes Smaller than smallest eukaryotes All are unicellular Now considered two kingdoms: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA Archae = ancient Evolution considers them the first organisms Can live where no others can

Types of Archaebacteria: methanogens Convert CO2 into methane gas O2 is poison to them Require anaerobic conditions (i.e. sewage or swamp) Thrive in cow and human intestines

Types of Archaebacteria: thermoacidophiles Love hot and acidic environment Many are chemosynthetic volcanic vents hydrothermal vents

Types of Archaebacteria: extreme halophiles Halophiles are salt‐loving organisms that flourish in saline environments and can be classified as slightly, moderately or extremely halophilic, depending on their requirement for sodium chloride Salt-loving Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea Use salt to generate ATP

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Classified in two ways: shape and stain 3 different shapes Unicellular or colonies

1. SPHERE-SHAPED: COCCUS Diplococcus - two Staphylococcus – clusters Streptococcus – strings

2. ROD-SHAPED: BACILLUS Diplobacillus - two Streptobacillus - strings

3. CORK SCREW: SPIRILLUM

REACTION TO STAIN Differing reaction based on cell wall Gram stain used for classification Differing reaction based on cell wall Cell membrane (Phospholipid) Peptidoglycan (Protein + sugar) Lipopolysaccharide (Fat + sugar) Gram-negative Gram-positive

GRAM-POSITIVE EUBACTERIA Absorb Gram stain and appear purple Simple cell wall antibiotics are effective

GRAM-NEGATIVE EUBACTERIA Do not absorb Gram stain Absorb a secondary pink stain Complex cell wall antibiotics are ineffective

ALEXANDER FLEMING - 1928 Scottish bacteriologist Grew Staphylococcus bacteria in dish Contaminated by Penicillium mold Mold inhibited the bacteria 1st antibiotic

ANTIBIOTICS Fight pathogens Interfere with formation of cell walls Many obtained from bacteria or fungi Others produced synthetically

NATURAL BODY DEFENSES SKIN MUCUS TEARS STOMACH ACID LEUCOCYTES ANTIBODIES

BACTERIA IN NATURE ~ Photosynthesis Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic O2 Availability of O2 advent of aerobic organisms Anabaena Nostoc Oscillatoria

BACTERIA IN NATURE ~ Nitrogen fixers Rhizobacteria grow in roots of soybeans, alfalfa Convert atmospheric N2 into usable form for plants

BACTERIA IN NATURE ~ Decomposers Break down matter into simpler substances Nutrients released into the soil

BACTERIA IN NATURE ~ Living Together (Symbioisis) Mutualism: both organisms benefit Bacteria and Komodo dragons Bacteria-laden saliva Mouth provides habitat

BACTERIA and INDUSTRY ~ Food Production Ferment lactose in milk sour cream, yogurt, and buttermilk Digest protein in milk ricotta cheese and cottage cheese Fermentation pickles and sauerkraut