Use the following terms to complete the concept map eukaryotic, prokaryotic, Archaea, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae, Bacteria, Protista Cells NO nucleus Nucleus

Genetics - the study of heredity Brain Pop – Genetics

Heredity Heredity – the passing of traits from parents to offspring (occurs during sexual reproduction) Brain Pop - Heredity

Heredity and Genetics Gregor Mendel studied thousands of pea plants to come up with the basic principles of heredity that we still use today These principles all start with sexual reproduction (two parents combine sex cells, to create new organisms that have a combination of traits from each parent)

Cells inside organisms divide in two ways for two different purposes: Meiosis and Mitosis Meiosis – is the process used by eukaryotic cells to make new sex cells. At the end of meiosis, 4 new cells are created with ½ the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis - is the process of cell division in which one parent cell divides to create 2 new, identical cells (used by body cells)

Meiosis Mitosis

Genes Genes - segment of DNA that carries instructions from the parent to offspring

Chromosomes Chromosomes –physical structure in a cell that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) Normal humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total – ½ from one parent and ½ from the other)

Alleles Alleles - a form of the same gene Represented by letters

Alleles Dominant alleles are represented by a capital letter (EX. T, B, L) Recessive alleles are represented by a lowercase letter (EX. t, b, l) An organism inherits one allele from each one of their “parents”

Combining Alleles Heterozygous (hybrid)- one dominant and one recessive allele (EX. Tt, Bb, Ll) Homozygous Dominant (purebred)- two dominant alleles (EX. TT, BB, LL) Homozygous Recessive (purebred)- two recessive alleles (Ex tt, bb, ll)

Genotype- actual genes inherited. Represented by letters (EX Genotype- actual genes inherited. Represented by letters (EX. Bb, Gg, TT) Phenotype- what the organism looks like. Physical description (EX. Tall, bald, curly, brown) An organism only has to have ONE dominant allele in order to look like that characteristic

Heredity and Genetics Reginald Punnett developed a tool called the Punnett Square – it is a way to predict all of the possible genotypes offspring could have Each box in the Punnett Square shows a way the alleles from each parent could combine in potential offspring Each box in the square represents a potential offspring.