Introduction to Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn mark twain video

Life and Times of Mark Twain Born Samuel Clemens in 1835, he worked as a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River. When he started his writing career, Samuel Clemens adopted the name “Mark Twain,” which meant two fathoms, a safe depth for a riverboat. I thought these pictures of the river boats and Twain as a young man helped to depict that period of his life when he worked on the Mississippi River. He loved his time on the river and even used “Mark Twain” as his pen name.

Life and Times of Mark Twain cont. In 1861, Samuel Clemens avoided the brewing Civil War by going west. He took his first writing job as reporter at the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise. Serious news was often mixed with “reports” that had to be taken with a grain of salt. Soon, he began using the name Mark Twain and affixing it to sketches, reportage, and an occasional hoax. It was a time when he first discovered his talent, his calling, and his voice. These pictures of western towns help to illustrate the next phase of Twain’s career as a reporter. The pictures helps us visualize Twain during this period of his life.

Life and Times of Mark Twain cont. At 34 years of age he married Olivia Langdon Clemens. She was the daughter of a New York coal magnate, a member of the country’s wealthy elite. She would be partner, editor, and fellow traveler in success and failure for the next thirty-five years. She would also furnish him her family’s home in Elmira, New York, a place where he visited often and wrote many of his best-loved books. Twain enjoyed a successful marriage with his wife. He lived and wrote in New York where he met Olivia Langdon. It was here that he worked on Huckleberry Finn.

Life and Times of Mark Twain cont. Although his most famous novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is criticized for being racist, Mark Twain never expected nor intended the controversy that arose with the publication of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain was not racist, but depicted life in his times. When HF was published Mark Twain was astonished at the controversy about the book as a racist novel. His response to the criticism was that he wrote as he saw life on the Mississippi when he was growing up there. “I vividly remember seeing a dozen black men and women chained to one another, once, and lying in a group on the pavement, awaiting shipment to the Southern slave market. Those were the saddest faces I have ever seen.”– Mark Twain

Mark Twain’s quote about the controversy over HF. "I have no color prejudices nor caste prejudices nor creed prejudices. All I care to know is that a man is a human being, and that is enough for me; he can't be any worse." Pictures from www.pbs.org

Life and Times of Mark Twain cont. By 1900 Twain had become America’s foremost celebrity. He was invited to attend ship launchings, anniversary gatherings, political conventions, and countless dinners. Reporters met him at every port of call, anxious to print a new quip from the famous humorist. To enhance his image, he took to wearing white suits and loved to stroll down the street and see people staring at him. Mark Twain love his notoriety. When he became well known for his humor, he started wearing his trademark white suite. We have many pictures of Twain from this era of his life.

Life and Times of Mark Twain cont. People loved his lectures that he gave as he traveled. He became a performer as a humorist. Hal Holbrook, today with his imitation of Mark Twain, captures what Twain must have been like as a speaker. He developed as a speaker and traveled on lecture circuits, much in demand. His early performances combined humor, information and eloquence in measures that delighted most people.

Life and Times of Mark Twain cont. When he died on April 21, 1910, newspapers around the country declared, “The whole world is mourning.” By then, Sam Clemens had long since ceased to be a private citizen. He had become Mark Twain, a proud possession of the American nation. When Twain died in 1910, he had become an American icon. He is one of the few writers who became very popular while he lived. I was interested in learning this about Twain because it is interesting that Americans can treasure literary figures and not just popular sports figures. “I was sorry to have my name mentioned as one of the great authors, because they have a sad habit of dying off. Chaucer is dead, Spencer is dead, so is Milton, so is Shakespeare, and I’m not feeling so well myself.”—Mark Twain

Mark Twain died in 1910, the year Halley’s Comet appeared. “I came in with Halley's Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year (1910), and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: "Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together." This tidbit of information is eerie, but true. Do you think he willed himself to die in this year? Mark Twain died in 1910, the year Halley’s Comet appeared. Pictures from www.pbs.org

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Twain’s most famous novel is about the relationship between a young white boy, Huck, and a black slave, Jim as they travel along the Mississippi River The novel is set in the mid 1800’s in the South in a fictional town called St. Petersburg During this time, about half of the country was considered “free” and half still supported slavery

Free vs. Slave States in America in the mid 1800’s

Themes in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Racism and Slavery In Huck Finn, Twain exposes the hypocrisy of slavery. It does not support slavery. Intellectual vs. Moral Education Huck is forced to make a decision between education and moral correctness Mocks or pokes fun at “Civilized” Society Twain shows the ways in which society of his time did not act in a civilized manner

Symbolism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Mississippi River For Huck and Jim, the river symbolizes freedom. The two follow the river from the South to the North to escape the oppression they both face at home. Huck wants to get away from his abusive father and family while Jim, a black slave, wants to live in a free state.

Path of the Mississippi River States that touch the Mississippi River- Minnesota Wisconsin Iowa Illinois Missouri Tennessee Arkansas Mississippi Louisiana

Controversy Surrounding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Huck Finn has been a controversial novel for many years for its use of the “n” word.  In 1885, it was considered to have "low morals" and later it was considered a racist text. Even today, many school districts choose not to teach this novel because it can be uncomfortable for many students. censoring huck finn

Elements of Realism: Rejection of the idealized, larger- than-life  hero of Romantic literature Detailed depiction of ordinary characters and realistic events Emphasis on characters from cities and lower classes Avoidance of the exotic, sensational, and overly dramatic Use of everyday speech patterns to reveal class distinctions Focus on the ethical struggles and social issues of real-life situations

Elements of Naturalism: - Attempt to analyze human behavior objectively, as a scientist would - Belief that human behavior is determined by heredity and environment - Sense that human beings cannot control their own destinies - Sense of life as a losing battle  against an uncaring universe

19th CENTURY The Civil War Industrial Revolution Extreme contrasts between rich and poor - Henry Ford creates the first model T – changes American Landscape

Political Highlights: - Civil War (1861-1865) results in the loss of more than 600,000 men and a reunited but bitter republic. - Slavery, a leading cause of the Civil War, is abolished in 1865. - Abraham Lincoln is assassinated in Ford’s Theatre, Washington, D.C., on April 14,1865.

Jim Crow Guide Never assert or even intimate that a White person is lying. Never impute dishonorable intentions to a White person. Never suggest that a White person is from an inferior class. Never lay claim to, or overly demonstrate, superior knowledge or intelligence. Never curse a White person. Never laugh derisively at a White person. Never comment upon the appearance of a White female.

Fugitive Slave Laws The law stated that any federal marshal who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave could be fined $1,000. People suspected of being a runaway slave could be arrested without warrant and turned over to a claimant on nothing more than his sworn testimony of ownership. A suspected black slave could not ask for a jury trial nor testify on his or her behalf. Any person aiding a runaway slave by providing shelter, food or any other form of assistance was liable to six months' imprisonment and a $1,000 fine. QUESTION: How does Twain use this law in the plot of Huck Finn?

Philosophical Views: - Romanticism is overtaken by more realistic attitudes toward art and life. - Advances in sociology and psychology lead to growing interest in analyzing everyday life and the behavior of society as a whole.

Social Influences: - Reformers and muckraking journalists expose abuses in industries such as mining and meatpacking. - Large number of immigrants from Europe settle in American cities. - In 1908, Henry Ford introduces the Model T, an invention that will drastically change the landscape and reshape the American way of life.

Literary and Artistic Movements: REALISM and REGIONALISM 1. Attack upon Romantics and Transcendentalists pragmatic, democratic, and experimental Responsibly moral – goal was to report the world with HONESTY

Drew subject matter from “our experience” Focused on the common, the average, the probable

3. Character and Setting more important than Plot (Local Color Movement) Focused on the norm of daily experience Dialect, geography, regional manners

HUCKLEBERRY FINN is a… COMING-OF-AGE NOVEL: moral growth of a comic character in an physically beautiful yet morally repugnant setting

and a… PICARESQUE NOVEL: follows the adventures of a roguish hero episodic: Mississippi River flight to freedom vs. river flowing toward Deep South (slave territory)

19th century Americans are self-conscious… They want to know what their new country looks like, and how the varied races of growing population live and talk

19th century Firsts… First mappings of the West First transcontinental railroad First Photography

Photography as a social mirror… The invention ignited an artistic and scientific frenzy… Best portrait makers could bring out the very human essence of a subject… The advantages of photography: immediacy, reliable representation, low cost, etc…

Massive social changes reflected in literature & photography. 1861-65 - Mathew Brady, Alexander Gardner: honest photographic record of the Civil War. Photography, like literary Realism & Regionalism showed TRUTH.

“Something new happened in Huck Finn that had never happened in American literature before. It was a book…that served as a Declaration of Independence from the genteel English novel…

…[It] allowed a different kind of writing to happen: a clean, crisp, no-nonsense, earthly vernacular…it was a book that talked. Huck’s voice, combined with Twain’s satiric genius, changed the shape of fiction in America, and African-American voices had a great deal to do with making it what it was.” - Dr. Shelley Fishkin, 1995

#1 "Slave Boy Brought to Waterbury from Bucks Hill by Aunt Ella Johnson's Second Husband (Whelan)" Ninth-plate ambrotype, circa 1855 http://www.photographymuseum.com/slaveboylg.html The American Photography Museum, Inc.

#2 "Our Little Pedlars" Quarter-plate ambrotype, circa 1855-1860 http://www.photographymuseum.com/pedlarslg.html The American Photography Museum, Inc.

#3 W. Queen (Philadelphia), Publisher or Retailer: "The Darkey's Vanity" Tinted Albumen Stereograph circa 1860 http://www.photographymuseum.com/vanitylg.html The American Photography Museum, Inc. H.G. PEABODY "A Cape Ann Fisherman" ca. 1890's, albumen print

Cumberland Landing, Virginia, Group of "contrabands" at Foller's house, May 14, 1862 http://memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/psources/slavpho2.html The American Photography Museum, Inc. #4

#5 Unidentified Photographer: Civil War Soldiers with a "Contraband" Albumen carte de visite, circa 1863 http://www.photographymuseum.com /contrabl.html The American Photography Museum, Inc.

#6 E. & H. T. Anthony & Co. (New York), Publishers: "Bombproof Quarters of Maj. Strong, at Dutch Gap, 16th N. Y. Artillery" Albumen Stereograph circa 1864 http://www.photographymuseum.com/majstrong.html The American Photography Museum, Inc.                                  

#7 Unidentified Photographer: Ten Children Cyanotype, circa 1898 http://www.photographymuseum.com/cyanokidslg.html The American Photography Museum, Inc. #7

#8 Palmer (Tuskegee, Alabama) Instructor & Three Graduates with Diplomas and Geraniums Gelatine-Silver Print, circa 1905  http://www.photographymuseum.com/tuskeglg.html The American Photography Museum, Inc.

Works Cited The American Photography Museum, Inc.   Virtual Exhibit: “The Face of Slavery and Other Early Images of African Americans.” (2004). http://www.photography-museum.com/faceof.html Cross, J.M. . “Nineteenth-Century Photography: A Timeline.” The Victorian Web. (2001). http://www.victorianweb.org/photos/chron.html Reuben, Paul P. “Chapter 5: Late Nineteenth Century: American Realism - A Brief Introduction.” PAL: Perspectives in American Literature: A Research and Reference Guide - An Ongoing Project.(2003). http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap5/5intro.html Rubio, Juan Carlos. (Curator). “Portraits and Landscapes in Nineteenth Century Photography. Private Collections of Madrid.” Fundacion Telefonico. (2001). http://www.fundacion.telefonica.com/at/photoes/efotoxix.html