Church Reform and the Crusades 14-1 Church Reform and the Crusades

Background 500-1000 is known as the “dark ages” Churches and monasteries had been plundered Learning had been abandoned Around 900 a spiritual revival began in the church—began THE AGE OF FAITH The power and the authority of the church had bee restored and expanded

Problems in the Church Some church officials were incompetent *couldn’t read prayers *immoral *concerned with politics not spirituality Main concerns of the church reformers: Priests who were married with families Simony (bishops selling positions in the church) Lay investitures (kings appointing bishops)

Reform and Church Organization Reform began with the outlawing of simony and the marriage of priests The structure changed and the Church became similar to a kingdom Pope was at the top Pope’s advisors (papal Curia) below him Canon law was enforced by the Curia who also served as a court Diplomats served on behalf of the pope throughout Europe (gave pope authority) Taxes were collected from all Christians in the form of tithes (one-tenth of your yearly income)

New Religious Orders Friars began spreading Church ideas, preaching, and forming new orders The Dominicans—est. by Dominic, a Spanish priest. Big on education and studying The Franciscans—est. by Francis of Assisi (Italian). Believed all creatures are spiritual Poor Clares—est. by Clare and her friend Francis of Assisi. Was the Franciscan order for women Hildegard of Bingen (German) founded a Benedictine convent

Cathedrals—Cities of God Cathedrals were built and decorated to represent the glory of God The style of churches evolved from Romanesque to Gothic architecture Romanesque-round arches, pillars, dark Gothic-lots of light through stain glassed windows, vaults pointing upward, pointed arches, tall spires http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwKg4ESvYG4

Notre Dame— Paris, France

Chartres Cathedral, France http://ttlcompany.blogspot.com/2011/12/top-10-gothic-cathedrals-of-medieval.html

The Crusades Crusades were a series of attempts to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims (the infidels or nonbelievers) Pope Urban II agrees to help Alexius I Why? Gives him the chance to provide papal leadership Calls on Christians to take up arms in a holy war “God wills it” is their battle cry Warriors came from western Europe—especially France. Why? Belief in the cause, like to fight, sense of adventure, opportunity to gain territory, riches, or a title

Goals of the Crusades Religious Social Economic Regain the Holy Land (Palestine) Stop Muslim advancement Reunite Christendom Social End warring knights who disrupted peace in the kingdom and church property Gave land, societal rank, and adventure to younger sons Economic Merchants made money financing journeys and leasing out ships Potential to gain control of trade routes

Early Crusades First Crusade Huge turnout of Crusaders who had been promised a place in heaven if they died in battle The army was comprised of several thousand cavalry and ten thousand infantry—lacked a real plan or leader Moved down the Palestine Coast Jerusalem, the Holy City, was taken by Christians in 1099 but resulted in a massacre of the inhabitants. By the 1140s the Muslims were striking back. Saladin overtook Jerusalem in 1187 for Muslim forces

3rd Crusade— “Crusade of Kings” 2nd Crusade—fail 3rd Crusade— “Crusade of Kings” Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany Richard I (Richard the Lionhearted) of England Philip II Augustus, King of France Richard negotiated a settlement with Saladin Muslims maintain control of Jerusalem Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem’s holy places

Later Crusades 4th Crusade—initiated by Pope Innocent III Not terribly successful—never got to the Holy Land, just looted Constantinople Crusades 5-8 were also unsuccessful—try to take Egypt first but that didn’t work Children’s Crusade—led by 12 y/o Stephen of Cloyes. 30,000 under 18 joined; no weapons, just faith; died from starvation, cold or drowning. Some sold into slavery; A Spanish Crusade—Reconquista was the effort by the Spanish to drive out the Muslims from Spain; led to the Inquisition which was a court that sought to punish heretics.

Effects of the Crusades Ends feudalism Nobles sell estates and serfs to pay debts Gives women a chance manage affairs at home Strengthens monarchs and weakens the pope Byzantine Empire fell Expands trade between Europe and Southwest Asia—leads to cultural exposure and blending Legacy of hatred between Christians and Muslims