So far we have studied the reasons for Britain retreating from its empire, whether the British wanted to decolonise, what caused nationalism to develop and whether nationalism caused decolonisation. Write down a fact for each of these areas. Movement for colonial freedom Monday Club Look at where we are in your course guides

Why did white minority rule last for so long in Rhodesia? The founding and dissolution of the CAF Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence Rhodesian Bush War – why was ZANU successful, the role of South Africa Steps towards black majority rule

What do you think the CAF was? Why was the Central African Federation founded? C aim – to explain what the CAF was and why it was founded B/A aim – to analyse why the CAF was founded and identify some of its strengths and weaknesses What do you think the CAF was? What messages does this show you about the CAF? Why did the CAF issue this stamp in 1953?

CAF with Southern Rhodesia, to Rhodesia, to Zimbabwe Britain decided to form the CAF as a federal independent state with Britain overseeing their actions. They did this as they felt they could trust the white settlers to rule it properly and they weren’t making enough money from the countries for them to be important to Britain.

What did Cohen hope to avoid in the CAF? On 8 November 1950, the first negotiations for a federal state for the Rhodesias and Nyasaland began. While many points of contention were worked out in the conferences that followed, several proved to be acute, and some, seemingly insurmountable. The negotiations and conferences were arduous. Southern Rhodesia and the Northern Territories had very different traditions for the 'Native Question' (black Africans) and the roles they were designed to play in civil society. An agreement would likely not have been reached without Sir Andrew Cohen, CO Assistant Undersecretary for African Affairs. He became one of the central architects and driving forces behind the creation of the Federation, often seemingly singlehandedly untangling deadlocks and outright walkouts on the part of the respective parties. Cohen, who was Jewish and traumatized by the Holocaust, was an anti-racialist and an advocate of African rights. It is odd that he helped to create the white ruled CAF. He compromised his ideals as he felt that if he didn’t the white settlers in the CAF would take power and oppress indigenous black Africans ruthlessly, as they had done so in South Africa. Cohen started to support the idea of multiracialism, that different races would different proportions of political representation. The historian Robert Blake writes, "In that sense, Apartheid can be regarded as the father of Federation.“ It took nearly three years for the CAF to be established. What did Cohen hope to avoid in the CAF? What is the opposite of multiracialism and when did this policy get more popular? To what extent was Cohen responsible for the founding of the CAF and it’s multiracialism?

What were its strengths and weaknesses? Following the insistences and reassurances of Southern Rhodesian Prime Minister, Sir Godfrey Martin Huggins, a little more than 25,000 white Southern Rhodesians voted in a referendum for a federal government, versus nearly 15,000 against. Africans in all three territories were resolutely against it. The semi-independent federation was finally established, with five branches of government: one Federal, three Territorial, and one British. This often translated into confusion and jurisdictional rivalry among various levels of government. According to Blake, it proved to be "one of the most elaborately governed countries in the world." Despite its convoluted government structure, the CAF economy was a success. In the first year of the federation, its GDP was an impressive £350 million; two years later it was nearly £450 million. Yet the average income of a European remained approximately ten times that of an African employed in the cash economy, representing only one third of local Africans. How was the CAF formed? Why was the CAF formed? What were its strengths and weaknesses?

What was the CAF? Why was it founded?

What were the strengths and weaknesses of the CAF? Few natural resources Copper Poor Wealthy Farmland Wealthiest

Why was the Central African Federation founded Why was the Central African Federation founded? C aim – to explain what the CAF was and why it was founded B/A aim – to analyse why the CAF was founded and identify some of its strengths and weaknesses C – What was the CAF? List four reasons why it was founded. List two strengths and two weaknesses of the CAF. B/A – explain what the CAF was in detail. Explain why it was founded. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of it, how strong a federation do you think it was?

Why was the Central African Federation founded Why was the Central African Federation founded? C aim – to explain what the CAF was and why it was founded B/A aim – to analyse why the CAF was founded and identify some of its strengths and weaknesses Design your own stamp to publish upon the CAFs founding. Include visual cues for what it is, why it was founded and its strengths (but not its weaknesses – why would these be left out).

Homework – due Thursday 26th Feb List all the reasons for the dissolution of the CAF using the sheets. Number them from the most important to least important. Write a news report to deliver in England or Rhodesia explaining the reasons for the dissolution of the CAF.