Covalent bonds are formed by:

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Theories of Covalent Bonding

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Covalent bonds are formed by: Hybridization – mixing of two or more atomic orbitals to form a new set of hybrid orbitals. Mix at least 2 nonequivalent atomic orbitals (e.g. s and p). Hybrid orbitals have different shape from original atomic orbitals. Number of hybrid orbitals is equal to number of pure atomic orbitals used in the hybridization process. Covalent bonds are formed by: Overlap of hybrid orbitals with atomic orbitals Overlap of hybrid orbitals with other hybrid orbitals 1/18/2019

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Predict correct bond angle 1/18/2019

Formation of sp2 Hybrid Orbitals 1/18/2019

Formation of sp Hybrid Orbitals 1/18/2019

How do I predict the hybridization of the central atom? Count the number of lone pairs AND the number of atoms bonded to the central atom # of Lone Pairs + # of Bonded Atoms Hybridization Examples 2 sp BeCl2 3 sp2 BF3 4 sp3 CH4, NH3, H2O 5 sp3d PCl5 6 sp3d2 SF6 1/18/2019

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Sigma bond (s) – electron density between the 2 atoms Pi bond (p) – electron density above and below plane of nuclei of the bonding atoms Sigma bond (s) – electron density between the 2 atoms 1/18/2019

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Sigma (s) and Pi Bonds (p) 1 sigma bond Single bond Double bond 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond Triple bond 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds How many s and p bonds are in the acetic acid (vinegar) molecule CH3COOH? C H O s bonds = 6 + 1 = 7 p bonds = 1 1/18/2019