Chapter 1: As American as apple pie Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Origins of Violence Violence Unity of human aggression Aggression Aggressive and/or harmful behavior Unity of human aggression All violence is connected by a web of actions and behaviors. All violent acts share a number of essential characteristics. By and large, perpetrators rely on similar justifications for their violent acts. Aggression Behavior that is physically and/or psychologically harmful Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Justifications for Violence “Righteous slaughter” Humiliationrage Retaliation or defense of values or principles Spillover theory Values and justifications for violence in socially approved settings “spill over” into other settings and result in illegitimate forms of violence Ex: DEATH PENALTY Brutalization hypothesis Desensitized killings by the state devalue human life and lead to increased collective tolerance of lethal behavior Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Embracing Violence Culture Subcultures of violence Values, beliefs, and rules of behavior Dictates what is expected and prohibited Subcultures of violence Members of particular groups are prone to violence because of values and beliefs imbedded in their cultures Example: gang violence, Ku Klux Klan activity Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Embracing Violence Ray Rice, who was indefinitely suspended by the NFL after a video portrayed him punching and knocking out his then fiancé (now wife), Janay Rice, in an Atlantic City elevator. Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Defining Violence Complexities of defining violence Varied actions and contexts Individual perceptions and understandings Legitimacy of aggression Highly situational, contingent, and contextual Victim Offender Nature of violence Locational of violence Rationale for violence Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Social Distance Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Defining Violence Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Defining Aggression Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Classifications of Violence Expressive vs. instrumental Expressive: emotionally-motivated violent behavior Instrumental: violence as a means to an end Interpersonal Assaults, rapes, robberies, and murders Institutional Violent behaviors perpetrated in an organizational setting Structural Discriminatory social arrangements that can be construed as violent; social inequality Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Measuring Violence Reports to law enforcement Victimization surveys Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR) Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Victimization surveys National Victimization Survey (NCVS) National Youth Survey (NYS) Varied strengths and weaknesses of each data source Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Violence in U.S. Society Data indicate that the impact of violence on society is immense Individual level avoidance strategies steer everyday behavior “Get Tough” legislation Centuries of warfare Media replete with depictions of violence Entertainment and gaming consoles Everyone knows a victim At least in part, our identities are often shaped by violence Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Violent Crime Rates, 1993-2014, NCVS Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Murder Rates per 100,000 by Country, 2004 Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Organization of the Book Chapter 2 – Explaining Violence Chapter 3 – Aiding and Abetting Violence Chapter 4 – Assault and Homicide Chapter 5 – Violence in the Home Chapter 6 – Stranger Danger Chapter 7 – Rape and Sexual Assault Chapter 8 – Mob Violence Chapter 9 – Terrorism Chapter 10 – Genocide Chapter 11 – Toward Violence Protection Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.

Open-Access Student Resources · SAGE journal articles · Multimedia resources and more at study.sagepub.com/alvarez3e Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition © 2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.