The Fifties: Conformity & Cold War Truman’s Struggles Harry S Truman – the person Truman’s domestic program Propose extension of New Deal programs Solve labor disputes Improve race relations Conservative backlash Midterm Elections (1946) Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 Rallying to an opportunity for the W.H.
Jackie Robinson – broke the “color barrier” (1947) in professional baseball when signed by Branch Rickey of the Brooklyn Dodgers
The Fifties: Conformity & Cold War Truman’s Struggles The Election of 1948 Truman (Dem.) Dewey (Rep.) Thurmond (States’ Rights Dem. – “Dixiecrats”) Right-Wing Wallace (Progressive Party) Left-wing President in his own right The “Fair Deal”
The Fifties: Conformity & Cold War The Republican Decade The Election of 1952 “I Like Ike” Nixon & the “Checkers Speech” Emergence of independent voters Ike’s management style Chief of Staff – Sherman Adams Cabinet – “8 millionaires and a plumber” Democratic control of Congress – 1954 Little done in domestic policy Housing Acts (‘54-’59) Highway Act of 1956 Emphasis on science & science ed. (i.e. NASA) Re-elected in 1956, in a Stevenson rematch
The Fifties: Conformity & Cold War Setting the Stage United Nations European instability – new balance of power Regional Conflicts (3rd World, China, etc.) Containment/Truman Doctrine Greece/Turkey Marshall Plan NATO (1949) & the Warsaw Pact (1955) Prague Coup Berlin Blockade & Airlift Korean War Limits of containment: Hungarian revolt (1956)
The Fifties: Conformity & Cold War Arms Race National Security Act (1947) – NSC, CIA, Dept of Defense / Joint Chiefs of Staff Russia goes nuclear (1948) NSC-68 (1950) – massive military spending H-Bomb – SAC – ICBMs – DEW John Foster Dulles, The New Look and “brinksmanship” Ike & the new leader in the Kremlin (Khrushchev) – Geneva, Camp David, Paris
The Fifties: Conformity & Cold War Korean War Acheson’s fumble & N Korean aggression June 1950 invasion U.N. action w/ US leadership MacArthur & Inchon Chinese entrance & MacArthur exit Uneasy truce at the 38th Parallel
The Iron Curtain
George Kennan (1904-2005)
The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living. --Omar Bradley
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
The Fifties: Conformity & Cold War McCarthyism / 2nd Red Scare “Better Dead than Red” or “Better Red than Dead” ??? 1949 – Alger Hiss, Chinese Revolution, Soviets go nuclear Politicians of both parties fed the fire Joseph McCarthy enters the picture Congress: A House of Intolerance McCarthy hearings in the Senate HUAC Blacklists, Red Channels, ruined lives McCarthy’s Downfall The Legacy of McCarthy & McCarthyism
Herb Block, Joseph McCarthy, Washington Post (4th March, 1954)
Herb Block, HUAC, Washington Post (1947)
Lillian Hellman & Dashiell Hammett
The Fifties: Conformity & Cold War Happy Days Conversion to peacetime economy Buildup of savings (demand) & new products (supply) Defense spending GI Bill Stats The Baby Boom Triumph of Suburbia Factors of Suburbanization The Rise of “Levittowns” Dependence on the automobile Television The Beatniks
The Fifties: Conformity & Cold War GNP Consumer Income Farm Income Federal Budget Pre-WW II $92 bil (1939) $79 bil. $11 bil. (1941) $9 bil. (1938) 1945 $213 bil. $151 bil. $25 bil. $92 bil. 1950 $284 bil. $208 bil. $29 bil. $40 bil.
Neal Cassady & Jack Kerouac The Beatniks: Allen Ginsberg The Beatniks: Neal Cassady & Jack Kerouac
The Fifties: Conformity & Cold War Birth of the Civil Rights Movement Conditions were still poor South vs. North Racial vs. Ethnic Crumbling ladder to urban success NAACP Legal Strategy Brown v Bd of Ed (1954) Southern Manifesto Little Rock crisis Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956) Rosa Parks & 381 Days of protest A new leader emerges Setting the stage for a new era Civil Rights Acts of 1957 & 1960
Birmingham, AL – June 1963
Walkers during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-1956 Mass Meeting at Holt Street Baptist Church on first day of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, December 5, 1955 Walkers during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-1956
MLK Press Conference during Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Fifties: Conformity & Cold War The Election of 1960 Democratic Primaries JFK vs. HHH Weighing the pros and cons An historic nomination General Election Comparing two Hawks Role of TV The African-American vote Results