Higher Education in California: Yesterday and Today Universidade de São Paulo March 22, 2013 John Aubrey Douglass Senior Research Fellow UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - BERKELEY John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley 1

The Tour California’s Public HE System Today In the Beginning - The California Idea California’s 1960 Master Plan - What it Did Trouble in Paradise - Contemporary Challenges California as a Global Model? John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

California’s Pioneering HE System Today The primacy of the public sector 1

California’s Higher Education System Tripartite Public System University of California California State University (CSU) California Community Colleges Private Independent For-Profit Sector John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

California’s Higher Education System Total HE Enrollment in California = 2.8 Million Total Public HE = 2.4 million (86%) John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

California Community Colleges Governance: Board of Governors (16 members appointed by Governor) 72 local Community College District boards Open Door: provides access to “all who can benefit from higher education” Two-year liberal arts degree (AA) Primary role in vocational and adult education 110 campuses 1.7 million students (72% of Tripartite System total) Annual total budget: $7.3 billion - $6.7 billion from state and local government - $.3 billion from Tuition and Fees John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

California State University Governance: Board of Trustees (24 members appointed by Governor) Admits from the top 33.3% of high school graduates Bachelor’s, Master’s, some professional degrees Primary role in teacher training Secondary role in research and public service 23 campuses 44,000 Faculty and Staff 433,000 students (19% of Tripartite System total) Annual total budget: $7.3 billion - $3.3 billion from state government - $1.5 billion from Tuition and Fees John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

University of California Governance: Board of Regents (26 members, 18 app. by Governor) Admits from the top 12.5% of high school graduates Bachelor’s, Master’s, professional degrees and Ph.D. Primary research and public service role Secondary role in teacher training 10 campuses 226,000 Students (9% of Tripartite System total) Annual total budget: $19.1 billion* $2.1 billion from state government $2.57 billion from Tuition and Fees * Not including Department of Energy National Laboratories John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

California Tripartite HE System - 2010 John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 9

The University of California – Funding Sources and Expenditures John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

The University of California The state now contributes 51% less for student education than it did 20 years ago. The University of California John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

In the Beginning -The California Idea 2 In the Beginning -The California Idea John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

The California Idea First state to develop a coordinated and coherent approach to comprehensive mass higher education First state to establish the public junior college and to pioneer the AA degree - 1907 First state to establish formal matriculation agreements between public HE institutions - 1910 University of California is the nation’s first multi-campus system with inclusion of UCLA - 1919 Emergence of tripartite structure - 1920 (not 1960!) John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 14 Source: J.A. Douglass, The California Idea and American Higher Education, 2000. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 14

Success of the Transfer Function Berkeley and UCLA Enrollment: 1930-1960 Source: J.A. Douglass, The Conditions for Admissions: Access, Equity and the Social Contract of Public Universities, 2007. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 15

California’s 1960 Master Plan 3 California’s 1960 Master Plan John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

The Heart of the 1960 Master Plan More important for what it preserved and prevented (a superboard) then what it invented Mission and governance of existing Tripartite System put into one statute Ended often bitter turf fight over the dissertation and research function of CSU - created a treaty Modified admissions and access paths to reduce future costs for the State of California - reducing access to UC and CSU Outlined a plan to complete new campus development Plan a product largely of the HE community, with pressure from lawmakers. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

California HE Matriculation John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

Source: J.A. Douglass, The California Idea and American Higher Education, 2000. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 20 Source: J.A. Douglass, The California Idea and American Higher Education, 2000. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 20

John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

Contemporary and Future Challenges 5 Trouble in Paradise - Contemporary and Future Challenges John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

Evaluating HE System Success: Conclusions for California Mixed results with serious decline in the last three decades. Moderate Access Rates Low Degree Production - Among Bottom Ten States Decline in Transfer Function - when compared to pre-1960 decades Severely Underfinanced Community College system UC good quality in teaching and research – although now under threat Peak in System might have been 1970 or so in Access and Degree Production (maybe earlier) California once number one in most categories (e.g., graduation rates) now ranked in bottom ten states. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 25

John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

California HE Today: What Parts of the Master Plan are Dead or Nearly So? Rapid decline in the State’s commitment to subsidize public HE in California In turn, commitment to low fee/tuition system evaporating – learning how to move to a “Progressive Tuition Model.” Serious challenge to enrollment balance and commitment by HE Segments to admit and serve historical pool – UC, CSU and by default CCC. Inability to grow the enrollment capacity of public HE in the near and long term – California population continues to grow. Question: is California existing HE system “Fit for Purpose”? John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 27

Macro Problems Its About the Money - but not only? Also structure of HE system K-12 Pipeline: Peak and Valley high school graduation rates Too Many Part-Time students Too Many Students in 2-year CCC = High HE Attrition Rates and Low Degree Production Population Growth The Brazilian Effect – For-Profits John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley 28

California Tripartite HE System - 2010 John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 29

Reimagining – 2025? John A. Douglass - CSHE UC Berkeley John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley John A. Douglass - CSHE UC Berkeley

California as a Global Model? 6 California as a Global Model? John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

California as an Example Highly DIFFERENTIATED but also SYMBIOTIC system – historically – with big benefits – historically. Transfer function helps justify highly selective UC system But built ORGANICALLY – beginning in the Progressive Era and essentially adding important components (institutions and relationships) over time. Not an example of reorganization of existing institutions! Not much innovation going on anymore. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 32

The New Global Models? National Governments are striving for greater differentiation But are doing so via often discreet methods e.g., revised funding models and/or building new institutions – FATEC’s in Brazil Movement to Pan-Regional Relationships and best practices. Europe as the new Model? Lack of Higher Education Leadership John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley John A. Douglass - UC Berkeley/OxCHEPS Visiting Fellow 33