Reproduction and DNA Notes

organism sexual asexual I. Reproduction a. Reproduction is the process by which an ___________ produces others of the same kind. b. The two types of reproduction are _________ and __________. organism sexual asexual

Quick Quiz Name the 2 types of reproduction. Sexual and asexual reproduction

II. Asexual Reproduction a. Asexual reproduction is when a single parent produces an ___________ that is genetically ___________ to the ________. 1 . _________, __________ and ________________ are types of asexual reproduction. offspring identical parent Fission Budding Regeneration

b. Fission is when a ______________ organism divides into two ___________ organisms. 1. __________ reproduce asexually by fission. prokaryotic identical Bacteria

Examples of Fission

c. Budding is when a new organism grows from the ______ of the ________ organism. 1. When the _____ on the parent becomes large enough, it ________ away on its own. body parent bud breaks

Examples of Budding

d. In _______________ (fragmentation), a whole organism grows from just a part of the parent organism or can be used to _________ damaged or lost parts. regeneration re-grow

Examples of Regeneration

Quick Quiz What is asexual reproduction? When a parent makes an offspring identical to itself.

Quick Quiz What is fission? When a parent produces an organism identical to itself.

Quick Quiz What is budding? When a new organism grows from the body of the parent.

Quick Quiz Provide an example of an organism that undergoes regeneration? Starfish

III. Sexual Reproduction a. Sexual reproduction is when ___________ (egg & sperm) from two parents _____ together to produce an __________. sex cells join offspring

1. _____________ is when two sex cells, an _____ & ________ come together. 2. The new cell that forms is called a ________. fertilization egg sperm zygote

b. Sex cells are produced by a process called _________ b. Sex cells are produced by a process called _________. Meiosis happens in the _______________ organs of plants and animals. meiosis reproductive

c. Meiosis starts with one cell c. Meiosis starts with one cell. There are two divisions of the _________ with ___ sex cells produced, each containing ___ chromosomes (in humans). http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/meiosis.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html nucleus 4 23

Quick Quiz The process that produces sex cells is called ___________. meiosis

Quick Quiz At the end of meiosis, ______ sex cells are produced. 4

Quick Quiz How many chromosomes are in the human sex cells? 23

IV. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) a. DNA is found in the _________ of the cells. b. It is _________ material that holds the _____________ for the organism. nucleus genetic information

c. ________________ are made of DNA molecules. Chromosomes

d. When a cell divides, the _____ in the nucleus is ________ and passed to the new cells. DNA copied

e. Sometimes ___________ happen when DNA is copied e. Sometimes ___________ happen when DNA is copied. This is called a __________. mistakes mutation Ultraviolet light, nuclear radiation, and certain chemicals can damage DNA by altering nucleotide bases so that they look like other bases.

1. Mutations can cause __________ in ______ 1. Mutations can cause __________ in ______. Some changes are _________, some are ________ and some don’t help or hurt the organism. 2. Mutations in sex cells can be ________ on to __________. changes traits harmful helpful passed offspring

Quick Quiz Chromosomes are made up of __________. DNA

Quick Quiz Mutations in sex cells can be passed on to the ___________. Offspring

f. The DNA molecules are made up of two twisted _________ connected together by ___________ bonds. strands chemical

1. The DNA structure resembles a twisted ________. ladder

sugar nitrogen bases cytosine 2. The sides of the DNA “ladder” are made of the _______ deoxyribose and phosphate molecules. 3. The “rungs” of the DNA “ladder” are made of the __________ _______ adenine, thymine, __________ & guanine. sugar nitrogen bases cytosine

Quick Quiz The DNA structure looks like a ___________ _____________. Twisted ladder

Quick Quuiz The sides of the ladder are made of _______. Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules

Quick Quiz The steps (rungs) of the ladder are made of _________ __________. Nitrogen bases

Quick Quiz Name the 4 bases. Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine