European Middle Ages 500-1200 Chapter 13

Section 1:Charlemagne Middle Ages or Medieval period 500-1500: after fall of Rome, Europe remained fragmented Disruption in trade, downfall of cities, and population shifts Germanic invaders who stormed Rome were not well educated and the level of learning sank No written language As Germans began to mix with the Romans language changed Dialects popped up and various languages appeared like French and Spanish Germanic kingdoms rose in place of the Roman Empire Church was the institution that was able to withstand the break up of Rome Concept of government changed-loyal to family and community. Warriors loyal to leaders they respected

Charlemagne Monks gave up all worldly possessions and became servants of God Under Pope Gregory I (590) the papacy expanded its powers over secular or worldly matters, including politics He used the Church’s money to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor All western and central Europe fell under the Pope’s control and authority In Gaul the Franks emerged under their leader, Clovis Clovis adopted Christianity due to God helping him in battle By 600 the Church and Frankish rulers helped to convert many Germanic peoples Church created religious communities, monasteries, for rural areas

Charlemagne Charles Martel (Hammer) was Mayor and held more power than the king. He expanded the empire and defeated the Muslims at the Battles of Tours in 732 –this kept Europe Christian! Muslims had been invaded via Spain Next ruler, Charles’ son, Pepin the Short. In order to become strong, Pepin aligned himself with the Pope. He fought against the Lombards and the Pope was happy-”king by the grace of God” became the Carolingian Dynasty Europe fell into small kingdoms after the fall of the Roman Empire The strongest was in the area of Gaul under the leadership of Clovis (Franks) Clovis expanded his territory to encompass all of modern France and strengthened his family line (Merovingian) 700 Mayor of the Palace-ruler of the kingdom

Charlemagne This united Germanic kings and the Church He limited the authority of the nobles and strengthened his powers He traveled throughout his empire He encouraged learning and opened a palace school for his many children 814 his son, Louis the Pious became emperor-he was an ineffective ruler and concerned more with religion Pious’ 3 sons fought each other for the empire. It was split into 3 kingdoms after the civil war in the Treaty of Verdun in 843 Charlemagne Pepin died and left the Frankish empire to his sons (Carloman and Charles). Charles inherited the throne after Carloman died. He became Charlemagne Charlemagne was 6’4” He built an empire greater than anything since Rome: Italy, France, Spain, and Germany Pope Leo III granted Charlemagne the title of emperor for fighting off unruly mobs in Rome

Section 2: Feudalism Vikings(Norsemen) sailed from Scandinavia to Europe down waterways to raid villages and towns They carried out these raids with terrifying speed and by the time local troop arrived the Vikings were long gone Viking warships allowed for these raids…could hold as many as 300 warriors They looted villages and monasteries, were traders, and explorers The destabilization that the civil war caused brought Europe into new political turmoil and led to the development of feudalism Feudalism is a political system based on land ownership and personal loyalty At this weakened state Europe was then attacked by invaders: Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims

Section 2: Feudalism Following the Viking decline a new group from the east began assaulting Europe…the Magyars Magyars did not settle conquered lands instead sold the conquered people into slavery At the same time Muslims attacked from the south These invasions caused disruption of trade, political disorder, and suffering Vikings were also known to go as far as Russia on raids They are also created with reaching the Americas Vikings gradually began to accept Christianity and as this happened the raids decreased Climate warming combined with this to allow for increased farming in Scandinavia

Section 2: Feudalism These attacks led to the development of a new political system called feudalism-power was based on land ownership and loyalty King Church/ clergy nobles knights Lord gives land Peasants/ serfs vassal Loyalty and military service

Section 3: Chivalry During Middle Ages, nobles fought one another, keeping Europe fragmented for centuries Through warfare feudal lords defended their estates, seized new territories, and increased their wealth Role of the warrior was very prized in this society Knights had a code of chivalry: a complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters: feudal lord, the Lord, and his chosen lady Knights fought bravely in tournaments to show their training and hopefully pick up lands

Page: at age of 7 starts training Squire-age of 14 Knight-age 21

Siege Weapons To look at siege weapons click on the following link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/trebuchet/race.html Click below to play destroy the medieval castle!!! http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/trebuchet/destroywave.html Troubadours would travel around Europe and play for money-what people did for fun! Women had increasing power because they could inherit land from their husbands and rule in his place while he was gone

Section 4: The Church Amid weak governments and feudal states stood the Church-the most powerful institution During this time the powers of the Church were growing Accordingly the emperor or kings should submit to the powers of the pope/ Church Many clashes over powers between the state and Church emerged Structure of the Church similar to that of society during this time Pope Bishops priests

Section 4: The Church During the state of constant warfare the Church provided stability and leadership for medieval society Religious officials provided the sacraments or important religious ceremonies that paved the way for salvation Religion became the social center The Church also had laws-canon law-in areas such as marriage and religion Popes got people, including kings, to obey them by the use of excommunication! Following the death of Charlemagne the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) emerged as the kingdom strongest from his line The H.R.E. and the pope developed a special relationship-Otto I and People Leo III

Resulted in Concordat of Worms in 1122: the Church alone could choose a bishop yet the emperor had the veto power to prevent the appointment of a bishop 1152 German princes elected Frederick I “Barbarossa” emperor He launched attacks on rich lands-resources Angered Italian merchants. Formed an alliance against Frederick I (Lombard League) 1176 meet at the Battle of Legnano-lost Result-weakened German state due to picking emperors and continued clashes with the Church Section 4: Church became fearful of kings powers over lay investiture-a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials-they yielded real power over the Church 1075 People Gregory VII banned the practice Gregory vs. Henry IV of Germany- Later asked for forgiveness Wasn’t excommunicated