Water as a limiting factor

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Presentation transcript:

Water as a limiting factor Chapter 38

Water & the water cycle 97.4% of water on earth is saltwater 2.6% freshwater – 2.586% in groundwater, ice caps Only 0.014% free in rivers, lakes & soil Is replenished continuously by recycling Water cycle – involves evaporation & precipitation, transpiration etc. Water is a finite resource, vital for human existence Global use (4,000km3/yr) short of need (10,000km3/yr)

Water demand 73% for agriculture, 22% for industry, 5% for domestic use Minimum of 80 litres per person To meet demand, water use needs to be more efficient 90% of domestic & industrial water can be reused Irrigation – only 35% re-used Micro-irrigation & dams can aid efficiency of use Risks (with dams): - dam clogged up by silt - parasites & mosquitoes - habitat destruction

Unpredictability of supply World’s water supply unevenly distributed Climate can have a vast impact on water availability E.g. ‘El Nino’ – flooding (India) & droughts (Africa) Erosion – loss of top soil by water or wind - minimised by forest coverings - terraces & using contours Deforestation – irreplaceable loss of natural forest Effects – loss of ‘sponge’ effect, erosion of fertile top soil, increasing CO2 levels, less water vapour in atmosphere

Desertification Human activity causing desert land Accelerated by: - increased food demand - Fallow periods abandoned - Marginal lands used - Clearing of forest for fuel or materials - Grazing land used for crop growing - Dry top soil suffering wind erosion - Severe drought