SKADS White Paper - Technologies - Andrew Faulkner http://webmail.jb.man.ac.uk/skadswiki/SkadsWhitePaper

Our ‘Final’ Deliverable What is it........? SKADS Deliverables Developments Demonstrators SKA Intl. Precursors Science Requirements Existing Knowledge Current Telescopes History Other work SKADS White Paper Our ‘Final’ Deliverable

Preparing principal deliverable of SKADS – The White Paper System Group – DS8 Preparing principal deliverable of SKADS – The White Paper Members: Andrew Faulkner (Chair) Peter Wilkinson Steve Torchinsky Arnold van Ardenne Andre van Es Paul Alexander Dion Kant Stelio Montebugnoli Mike Jones Steve Rawlings Rosie Bolton Philippe Picard Jan Geralt bij de Vaate Kobus Cloete

Aperture Arrays for the SKA: the SKADS White Paper Abstract Executive Summary Introduction International context Scientific Requirements AA science opportunity Specification Overview SKADS design Design architecture Overall costs Cost Scaling Power usage Operational aspects Technology readiness TRL Technology roadmap Design and costing methodology & tools Design Block descriptions Cost tool Demonstrators & Results EMBRACE 2-PAD BEST Design trade-offs Summary detailed results Analysis of results Implementation Strategy Manufacturability of Aperture Arrays Maintainability Configuration and RFI Reliability Risk mitigation Upgradeability From SKADS to SKA PrepSKA SKA Phase 1 SKA Phase 2 References Appendices

Aperture Arrays for the SKA: the SKADS White Paper Abstract Executive Summary Introduction International context Scientific Requirements AA science opportunity Specification Overview SKADS design Design architecture Overall costs Cost Scaling Power usage Operational aspects Technology readiness TRL Technology roadmap Design and costing methodology & tools Design Block descriptions Cost tool Demonstrators & Results EMBRACE 2-PAD BEST Design trade-offs Summary detailed results Analysis of results Implementation Strategy Manufacturability of Aperture Arrays Maintainability Configuration and RFI Reliability Risk mitigation Upgradeability From SKADS to SKA PrepSKA SKA Phase 1 SKA Phase 2 References Appendices

It must be produced before end of Year This is a big job..... Meetings, Telecoms with schedules produced A draft is in progress: on the Wiki Some contributions from the various authors have been received A draft was planned to be circulated at the Conference We are running late..... It must be produced before end of Year

The Design Reference mission Science Requirements.... The Design Reference mission http://www.skatelescope.org/PDF/091001_DRM_v0.4.pdf

Sensitivity Aeff/Tsys m2 K−1 Huge.... 39,000 5. Wide Field Polarimetry - 2 25,0000 3. Protoplanetary disks 20,0000 6. Continuum deep field 15,000 Sensitivity Requirements 12,500 Sensitivity Aeff/Tsys m2 K−1 8. HI EoR 7. Deep HI Field 10,000 10b, 13b. Pulsar timing 12. HI BAO 7,500 Proposed AA system envelope Proposed Dish Envelope 3,000 @ 15m 10a, 13a. Pulsar search 5,000 2,500 5. Wide Field Polarimetry - 1 4. Cosmic Magnetism 9. Galactic centre pulsars 11. Galaxy Evolution via H I Absorption 2. Resolving AGN and Star Formation in Galaxies 0.1 0.14 0.3 1.0 1.4 3.0 10.0 Specified sensitivity Frequency GHz Derived survey speed

Survey Speed Requirements Survey Speed m4 K−2 deg2 Frequency GHz 1e10 7. Deep HI Field 1e10 12. HI BAO 13a. Pulsar search 5. Wide Field Polarimetry 11. Galaxy Ev. via HI Abs’n 3. Protoplanetary disks 1e8 4. Cosmic Magnetism 8. HI EoR 6. Continuum deep field 1e6 2. Resolving AGN and Star Formation in Galaxies Survey Speed m4 K−2 deg2 9. Galactic centre pulsars 10b, 13b. Pulsar timing 1e4 1e2 Proposed AA system envelope Proposed Dish Envelope 3,000 @ 15m 1e1 0.1 0.14 0.3 1.0 1.4 3.0 10.0 Specified survey speed Frequency GHz Derived from sensitivity

Baseline Requirements Baseline length, km Frequency GHz 1,000 300 100 >3000 2. Resolving AGN and Star Formation in Galaxies 1,000 Baseline Requirements 6. Continuum deep field 300 11. Galaxy Evolution via HI Absorption 3. Protoplanetary disks Baseline length, km 100 7. Deep HI Field 4. Cosmic Magnetism 30 8. HI EoR 10 5. Wide Field Polarimetry 12. HI BAO 3 10a, 13a. Pulsar search 10b, 13b. Pulsar timing 9. Galactic centre pulsars 1 0.1 0.14 0.3 1.0 1.4 3.0 10.0 Stated in RSP Frequency GHz Unstated in RSP - assumed

SKA Overall Structure ... Beam Data ... ... ... Correlator – AA & Dish Mass Storage 0.3-1.2 GHz Wide FoV Tile & Station Processing Central Processing Facility - CPF Dense AA To 250 AA Stations ... Correlator – AA & Dish 16 Tb/s Data ... .. 70-450 MHz Wide FoV .. Time Control Post Processor Sparse AA ... 0.8-10 GHz Single Pixel or Focal plane array DSP Control Processors & User interface 12-15m Dishes 80 Gb/s DSP Time Standard ... To 2400 Dishes User interface via Internet

SKA Common Framework 70 300 700 2 5 10 MHz MHz MHz GHz GHz GHz 10 km 180 3000+ AA-Hi PAF AA-Lo WBSPF Optimisation of technology boundaries will take place based on science performance and cost Time axis not shown

Modelling: Design and Costing Tool Also tracks Power & data rate

~€1.48Bn D&C-2 SKA Breakdown Collectors Costs not Included: 250 x 57m dia AA-hi 250x220m dia AA-lo 2400 x 15m dishes Wideband SP Feeds Costs not Included: Development work Non-recoverable expenses Civil works Power installation Operational Costs Project Management ~€1.48Bn SKA Memos: 111 and 93 for D&C-1

AA-hi Arrays (not inc. station proc.) Infrastructure: Cover membrane Steels for Antenna Support Structure Cable Support Poles Velcro Cable Ties Foundations: building poles Civil Engineering Cooling Power Supplies Racking Trenches Infrastructure Build – 3 man years Bunkers ~€1.5M each array, NPV Analogue Data Transport: Connection to PCBs = no. of cables Preparation of cables Cable - total length reqd per station Male plugs PCB Outlet plugs (i.e. PCB inputs to first processor) Install cables in field ~€11 each element, 2011

A major input to the Concept Design Reviews: CoDR Scenarios planning SKADS PrepSKA Phase 1 Phase 2 A major input to the Concept Design Reviews: CoDR

The messages are: AAs can be achieved at acceptable cost and power for the SKA AAs can be tailored to meet SKA science requirements <1.4GHz AAs make the SKA central processing tractable & affordable There is a solid basis of engineering for AA development AAs are capable of achieving SKA performance requirements An SKA scenario including AAs is the only way of meeting the science goals