5.2 Imperialism & Nation-State Formation I. Industrialized powers established transoceanic empires

J. Dutch in South Africa; will have to move as the British gained more territory through things like the Boer War K. series of agreements between Europeans and the Qing that favored the Europeans L. meeting in 1884; headed by Bismarck; split up Africa in order to maintain European balance of power in order to avoid war; after the meeting , Europeans took over all of Africa except Ethiopia

Types of Imperialism Colonial Imperialism Political Imperialism 16th &17th Century Political Imperialism US in Hawaii GB in India Africa Economic Imperialism US in Latin America; Everyone in China Social-cultural Imperialism British were really good at this

Forms of Imperialism pg. 432 Tropical Dependency Less appealing to European settlers Goal was exploitation of natural resources Little European settlers, lots of natives Problems with control of the natives, getting old elites to cooperate Settlement Colonies More appealing to Europeans Goals were settlement & exploitation of natural resources Many European settlers with varying degrees of native populations Fewer natives=less problems

5.2.I. Industrialized powers established transoceanic empires A. States with existing colonies (such as the British in India or the Dutch in Indonesia) strengthened their control over these colonies

British in India EIC After death of Aurangzeb, Mughals were in decline Gained permission to built forts After death of Aurangzeb, Mughals were in decline Locals proclaimed independence EIC expanded trading posts Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta EIC gained permission to rule from Mughals and locals

British in India Used Sepoys to control militarily 1857-Sepoy Rebellion/ Mutiny Rebels had too many different goals Allowed British to establish direct imperial rule in India

Cawnpore Sepoys killed: British destroyed Sepoys with fresh troops 60 soldiers 180 civilians 375 women and children British destroyed Sepoys with fresh troops

British Imperial Rule New office of Secretary of State to India Civil Service staff of British Exams Reforms Restructured land holdings Railways and telegraphs Canals, harbors, irrigation systems English style schools Suppressed customs contrary to British laws (sati)

Indian Nationalism INC Upper class Hindus Founded with British approval in 1885

I. Industrialized powers established transoceanic empires

5.2.I. Industrialized powers established transoceanic empires B. European states as well as the Americans and the Japanese, established empires throughout Asia and the Pacific, while the Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.

5.2.I. Industrialized powers established transoceanic empires C. European States used both warfare and diplomacy to establish empires in Africa.

Berlin Conference Wanting to maintain the balance of power in Europe, Otto Von Bismarck invited European powers & the US to Berlin to split up Africa 14 states participated Last 3 months At the time 80% of Africa was still under local control They split Africa into 50 new states, splitting tribes and putting tribes at war into the same states

The Congo Controlled by Leopold II of Belgium It was his personally-not Belgium’s Sent American journalist Henry Stanley to make treaties with the natives Natives had to recognize Leopold II as their king Used the area for rubber resources and labor Area was along the Congo River which provided transportation for goods

The Congo 4-8 million died during Leopold’s control of the area due to working conditions and malnutrition He used military force to get rubber plantations to meet quotas of production The Belgian gov’t took control of the area in 1908 after there was protest about how Leopold was treating the natives

5.2.I. Industrialized powers established transoceanic empires D. In some parts of their empires, Europeans established settler colonies.

South Africa Dutch East India Company Established Cape Town in 1625 Dutch descendants first called Boers then Afrikaners Often fought with natives over land British took over during Napoleonic Wars Abolished slavery-Afrikaners not happy Great Trek Afrikaners migrated to the east

Results of the Great Trek Created: Republic of Natal Annexed by the British in 1843 Orange Free State in 1854 South African Republic in 1860 The Transvaal

Boer War (South African War) 1899-1902 Discovery of diamonds and gold in Afrikaners’ regions Natives served on both sides Afrikaners lost

5.2.I. Industrialized powers established transoceanic empires E. In other parts of the world, industrialized states practiced economic imperialism.

Opium Trade The Chinese weren’t exporting anything British wanted to gain back some silver bullion They started selling opium that was grown in India People got addicted and the British got silver

Opium War Trade in Opium was illegal Caused a loss of bullion for China and caused a social problem Chinese started to try to control the trade British started losing money British declared war on China in 1839

Treaty of Nanjing 1842 British received Hong Kong (until 1997) Five new ports were opened to British trade Extraterritoriality was given to the British Extended to other countries By 1900 90 Chinese ports were open to Europeans