Preterm infant gut colonization in the neonatal ICU and complete restoration 2 years later  L. Moles, M. Gómez, E. Jiménez, L. Fernández, G. Bustos, F. Chaves, R. Cantón, J.M. Rodríguez, R. del Campo  Clinical Microbiology and Infection  Volume 21, Issue 10, Pages 936.e1-936.e10 (October 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.003 Copyright © 2015 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Main characteristic of each preterm infant and his or her NICU admittance period, including bacterial pathogens detected in faeces, represented in different colors. Grey bar indicates NICU stay of infant; different-colored bars inside grey bar indicate bacterial species detected in faeces of infant; sampling time is indicated in dark inside. Red arrow marks each bacteraemic episode and corresponding bacterial species; grey arrows indicate antibiotic treatment of each infant and number of days. Infant 12 is highlighted in red; this patient died. Amb, amphotericin B; Amk, amikacin; Amp, ampicillin; Clox, cloxacillin; DM, delivery mode; Ery, erythromycin; Flu, fluconazole; Fluoro, fluorocytosine; GA, gestational age; Gen, gentamicin; Mer, meropenem; Mica, micafungin; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; Tei, teicoplanin; Vanc, vancomycin. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2015 21, 936.e1-936.e10DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.003) Copyright © 2015 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Summary of genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance profiles and virulence factors obtained for different bacterial species. (Top) Genetic diversity obtained by MLST and using minimum spanning tree algorithm. Each circle represents MLST clone; size depends on number of isolates in that group. Clone number is indicated above circle; number below indicates frequency per origin (faeces during NICU stay, milk samples or faeces at 2 years). Clones considered to be high risk are marked in bold. STs that are genetically related are connected by black lines when they are strongly related and grey lines when weakly related. (Bottom) Antibiotic susceptibility of each clone. All isolates belonging to same ST were grouped, and antibiotic resistances are represented in function of frequency (legend). Same scheme was followed to describe virulence genes carriage for Gram-positive isolates. MLST, multilocus sequence typing; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; ST, sequence type. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2015 21, 936.e1-936.e10DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.003) Copyright © 2015 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Summary of genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance profiles and virulence factors obtained for different bacterial species. (Top) Genetic diversity obtained by MLST and using minimum spanning tree algorithm. Each circle represents MLST clone; size depends on number of isolates in that group. Clone number is indicated above circle; number below indicates frequency per origin (faeces during NICU stay, milk samples or faeces at 2 years). Clones considered to be high risk are marked in bold. STs that are genetically related are connected by black lines when they are strongly related and grey lines when weakly related. (Bottom) Antibiotic susceptibility of each clone. All isolates belonging to same ST were grouped, and antibiotic resistances are represented in function of frequency (legend). Same scheme was followed to describe virulence genes carriage for Gram-positive isolates. MLST, multilocus sequence typing; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; ST, sequence type. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2015 21, 936.e1-936.e10DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.003) Copyright © 2015 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Summary of genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance profiles and virulence factors obtained for different bacterial species. (Top) Genetic diversity obtained by MLST and using minimum spanning tree algorithm. Each circle represents MLST clone; size depends on number of isolates in that group. Clone number is indicated above circle; number below indicates frequency per origin (faeces during NICU stay, milk samples or faeces at 2 years). Clones considered to be high risk are marked in bold. STs that are genetically related are connected by black lines when they are strongly related and grey lines when weakly related. (Bottom) Antibiotic susceptibility of each clone. All isolates belonging to same ST were grouped, and antibiotic resistances are represented in function of frequency (legend). Same scheme was followed to describe virulence genes carriage for Gram-positive isolates. MLST, multilocus sequence typing; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; ST, sequence type. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2015 21, 936.e1-936.e10DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.003) Copyright © 2015 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Persistence and frequency of different STs detected during study period in NICU. Enterococcus faecalis ST64 and ST40 persistent clones are marked. NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; ST, sequence type. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2015 21, 936.e1-936.e10DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.003) Copyright © 2015 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions