Model of relationship between ventilation and perfusion.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Lectures on respiratory physiology Pulmonary Gas Exchange I.

Advertisements

Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc. Determinants of Diffusion Rate of Diffusion = (P 1 -P 2 ) * Area * Solubility Distance * MW Pressure Gradient Area Distance.

Copyright © 2008 Thomson Delmar Learning CHAPTER 8 Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships.

Ventilation-perfusion Ratio

Effect of nasal positive expiratory pressure (PEP) on 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance and pre- to post-exercise increase in lung volumes in each individual.

TOTAL PULMONARY VENTILATION

The changes in peak flow and inspiratory time between a minimum rise time (first 2 breaths) and a maximum rise time (last 2 breaths), with the Servo-i.

Ventilation-perfusion ratio

Spearman rank correlation between absolute humidity and the patient's core temperature with the Humid-Heat device. Spearman rank correlation between absolute.

Spiral computed tomography pulmonary angiogram 8 months after radiofrequency ablation. Spiral computed tomography pulmonary angiogram 8 months after radiofrequency.

Schematic illustration of upper airway anatomical dead space volume (VD) during unidirectional breathing. Schematic illustration of upper airway anatomical.

Matrix used to calculate the kappa statistic.

Respiratory Module. Effect of the Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio on Alveolar Gas Concentration.

Lung simulator diagram of airway pressure release ventilation (APRV): volume (yellow), lung pressure (white), and flow (orange)/time curve. Lung simulator.

Trigger delays and leaks.

The 3-compartment lung model described by Riley and Cournand151,152 represents gas exchange in the lung in regard to the matching of alveolar gas volume.

Picture of bubble PEP devices.

Shape-signal method of triggering combines shape signal (A) and volume (B) methods of triggering. Shape-signal method of triggering combines shape signal.

A ventilator and TTL test lung were used to simulate spontaneous breathing. A ventilator and TTL test lung were used to simulate spontaneous breathing.

A: Pressure (green) and volume (black)/time curve in airway pressure release ventilation (APRV). A: Pressure (green) and volume (black)/time curve in airway.

Simulated screenshot of flow starvation in volume control continuous mandatory ventilation. Simulated screenshot of flow starvation in volume control continuous.

Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value, Area Under the Curve, and 95% CIs for the 0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 SatSeconds.

Representative tracings of transcutaneous CO2 (PtcCO2), Spo2, and heart rate during an apnea test designed to raise Paco2 to 100 mm Hg. At baseline, PtcCO2.

Comparison of airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) (blue curve) and biphasic positive airway pressure (BIPAP) (black curve). Comparison of airway.

Trigger and synchronization windows.

Typical pressure-time curves during forced expiration against an occluded airway in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and healthy controls. Typical pressure-time.

Carbon dioxide transport in blood.

In this tracing of 30 seconds, 4 breaths are ineffectively triggered (arrows IT) and 7 are effectively triggered. In this tracing of 30 seconds, 4 breaths.

Schematic drawing of alveolar sizes at upper (A), middle (B), and lower dependent (C) lung regions at end expiration and end inspiration. Schematic drawing.

The use of a real time analyzer during a single brief inhalation-exhalation of methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2), and carbon monoxide (CO). The use of a.

Negative pressures calculated with the Rosen and Hillard formula

We connected the supplemental oxygen supply at 3 places: near the ventilator, near the exhalation valve, and on the nasal mask port. We connected the supplemental.

Changes in PaO2/FIO2 (A) and PaCO2 (B).

Alveolar and airway CO2 during the ventilatory cycle: flow (upper graph) and mean alveolar and airway CO2 pressure scalars (lower graph). Alveolar and.

Carbon monoxide (CO) delivery system used in animal models and Phase 1 clinical trials. Carbon monoxide (CO) delivery system used in animal models and.

Graphical representation of physiologic dead space fraction determined by volumetric capnography, using the approaches of Bohr and Enghoff, which shows.

Schematic representation of the proposed definition of prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) in neonates and children. Schematic representation of the.

Change in mean pulmonary arterial pressure after a 5-min inhalation of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y in rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, with.

Three-dimensional computed tomogram reconstruction of the great vessels extending into the neck, documenting a pseudo-aneurysm of the right innominate.

The Boussignac continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a small plastic cylinder that attaches to a face mask. The Boussignac continuous positive.

Bland-Altman plots for agreements between arterial blood gas analysis and pulse oximeter measurements in subjects with COPD (A), subjects with chronic.

Bronchoscopy images obtained during inspiration (A) and expiration (B) before stent insertion. Bronchoscopy images obtained during inspiration (A) and.

Assembly used to convert a standard ventilator to an intermittent mandatory ventilation circuit. Assembly used to convert a standard ventilator to an intermittent.

Alveolar dead space. Alveolar dead space. A: An ideal unit (top) receives nearly equal amounts of ventilation and perfusion. B: When perfusion drops (and.

Inspiratory time in excess (TIex) with the 10 ventilators tested under 3 conditions: in the absence of leaks and with the NIV algorithm deactivated (L0NIV0),

A: Pressure ulcer on the left cheek of a patient after 1 week of prone positioning using a commercially available endotracheal tube (ETT) holder. A: Pressure.

Depiction of the highest oxygen-consuming and perfused organs in the body under resting conditions. Depiction of the highest oxygen-consuming and perfused.

Kaplan-Meier curve for the probability of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) failure relative to continuous use of NIV and stratified for Acute Physiology and.

Total drug dose by device and condition while delivering 1 mL of ribavirin (5 min for the small-particle aerosol generator [SPAG] or 2 min for the vibrating.

The cause of asynchrony during volume-targeted ventilation and total asynchrony index. The cause of asynchrony during volume-targeted ventilation and total.

Calculated negative pressure developed in the lung plotted against the outside diameter of the suction catheter to the inside diameter of the airway. Calculated.

Plots of alveolar PO2, hemoglobin saturation, and alveolar PCO2 as a function of alveolar ventilation in a normal subject at sea level (inspired oxygen.

FEV1 and FVC for the control group (without noninvasive ventilation [NIV]), NIV with an inspiratory pressure (IPAP) of 15 cm H2O and expiratory pressure.

Correlation between maximum inspiratory pressure and inspiratory load compensation (ILC) ventilatory variables in the 16 difficult-to-wean subjects, prior.

PaO2/FIO2, leukocyte count, and C-reactive protein during the first 10 days after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, in subjects with or without early-onset.

Tidal volume (VT) error (% difference between set and actual values) was determined for each ventilator at VT of 300, 500, and 700 mL. Tidal volume (VT)

A: Work of breathing before and after nebulized terbutaline delivered via standard nebulization method versus delivered during continuous positive airway.

Sequence plot visualizing the development of symptom frequency for the cohort at the individual level between 2006 and Sequence plot visualizing.

The changes in peak flow and inspiratory time between a minimum rise time (first 2 breaths) and a maximum rise time (last 2 breaths), with the Servo-i.

Number of ventilator starts (including both noninvasive ventilation [NIV] and invasive mechanical ventilation subjects) based on age and etiology of ARF.

A: Representation of a volumetric capnogram with a schematic approach for the measurement of dead space. A: Representation of a volumetric capnogram with.

Plot of the surface tension (γ) and area.

Lung model expiratory CO2 (or PETOv2) representing simulated alveolar CO2 at baseline (no high-flow nasal cannula) and effect on expiratory CO2 at different.

Relationship between the ΔP0. 1/end-tidal CO2 (ΔP0

Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging of our patient performed at ∼7

Percent of extremely-low-birth-weight (ELBW) babies alive and off mechanical ventilation at 7 days, and median days on mechanical ventilation for ELBW.

The 3 compartment lung model described by Riley36,37 represents gas exchange in the lung in regards to the matching of alveolar ventilation (V̇A) and perfusion.

Arterial blood gas measurement of oxygen tension.

Minute-by-minute means of breathing variables during the spontaneous breathing trial for the groups of subjects with trial success (n = 32) and failure.

Setup of the BiPAP Synchrony with an inspiratory filter and single-limb passive circuit, with the filter placed over the fixed leak to collect aerosol.

Presentation transcript:

Model of relationship between ventilation and perfusion. Model of relationship between ventilation and perfusion. Even when the gases at the blood-gas barrier are in complete equilibrium, the composition of effluent (expiratory) gas differs from that of alveolar gas because effluent gas also contains gas from the alveolar dead space (whose composition is that of the inspired gas). Similarly, the composition of arterial blood differs from that of capillary blood to the extent that it is mixed with shunt blood (whose composition is that of mixed venous blood). This concept (the calculation of the difference between expected composition and actual composition of the effluent media) is the basis for calculating both alveolar dead space and shunt. Gaston Murias et al. Respir Care 2014;59:1795-1807 (c) 2012 by Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.