Biology SOL REVIEW Review Questions Set 1

Question 1 Once ____ was shown to be the genetic material, a race among scientists took place to work out its structure.

A-1 DNA

Q-2 Studies of the amounts of each DNA base in different organisms led to the concept of ________________________base-pairing.

A-2 Complementary

Q 3 Interpretations of X-ray photographs of DNA were used to describe the shape and dimensions of the DNA molecule. An analysis of this and other available data led to a structural model for the DNA which is described as a _____________ ____________

A 4 Double Helix

Q 5 What technologies made possible the observation and description of living things and organisms?

A 5 Magnifying lenses and the light microscope

Q 6 The ___________ _____________ states that all living things are made up of cells and that cells come from other cells by the process of reproduction.

A 7 Cell Theory

Q 8 Who’s experimentation and hypotheses led to an understanding of the presence of microorganisms and their relationship to diseases?

A 8 Pastuer & Koch

Q 9 T or F- “The introduction of the germ theory led to the understanding that many diseases are caused by Microorganisms.”

A 9 TRUE

Q 1 0 What has resulted from the acceptance of the germ theory of disease?

A 10 Changes in health practices - the emphasize sanitation, the safe handling of food and water, aseptic techniques to keep germs out of the body, and the development of vaccinations and other chemicals and processes to destroy microorganisms.

Q 11 About how much of the mass of a cell is made up of water?

A 11 About 2/3 (or 66%)

Q 12 T or F- “Water molecules are both _adhesive__ and _cohesive__ due to the nature of bonding.”

A 12 True

Q 13 Water is able to absorb large amounts of _____ .

A 13 HEAT

Q 14 What are two kinds of bonding that occur with water?

A 14 polar covalent and hydrogen bonding

Q 15 T or F: “Because water is able to absorb large amounts of heat, lakes and oceans stabalize air and land temperatures.”

A 15 TRUE

Q 16 Why don't lakes and oceans freeze solid?

A 16 The solid form of water, ice, floats, preventing lakes and oceans from freezing solid.

Q 17 The water inside and outside of cells is able to carry ____ into and around cells and ____ away from cells.

A 17 Nutrients; Wastes

Q 18 The pH scale ranges from ______ to _______.

A 18 0 to 14.

Q 19 Substances added to water can lower or raise the pH. A solution with a pH below 7 is _____ .

A 19 Acidic

Q 20 A solution with a pH above 7 is _____ .

A 20 Basic

Q 21 T or F: “Most organisms can tolerate fairly large changes in pH because every cells easily adapt to pH changes.”

A 21 FALSE- (Organisms can tolerate only small changes in pH because every cell has a particular pH at which it functions best).

Q 22 Organisms can tolerate only small changes in pH because changes in pH cause changes in _______ conformation, resulting in a change in activity.

A 22 Enzyme

Q 23 The process of ______ provides a vital connection between the sun and the energy needs of living systems.

A 23 Photosynthesis

Q 24 Plant cells and many microorganisms use solar energy to combine molecules of ______ and ______ into complex, energy-rich organic compounds.

A 24 Carbon dioxide; water

Q 25 _____ and _____ are complementary processes for cycling carbon dioxide and oxygen as well as transferring energy in ecosystems.

A 25 Photosynthesis & Cellular respiration

Q 26 During photosynthesis, cells use the pigment ____________ to trap energy from sunlight.

A 26 CHLOROPHYLL

Q 27 During photosynthesis plants use carbon dioxide and water to produce ____________ and ____________.

A 27 Oxygen & Glucose (sugars)

Q 28 During cellular respiration, eukaryotic cells “burn” organic molecules (sugars) with oxygen, which produces energy in the form of ___A______, as well as giving off ______B_______ & ____C______ (which are used by plants during photosynthesis)

A 28 A- ATP energy B & C- Carbon Dioxide & Water

Q 29 ______ is the initial source of energy for most communities.

A 29 Sunlight

Q 30 Photosynthesis involves an energy conversion in which __A___ energy is converted to __B__ energy in specialized cells.

A 30 A) Light B) Chemical

Q 31 Organisms which can make their own food are called _________________.

A 31 Autotrophs

Q 32 Cells release the chemical energy stored in the products of photosynthesis. This energy is transported within the cell in the form of ______.

A 32 ATP

Q 33 When cells need energy to do work, certain _____ release the energy stored in the chemical bonds in ATP.

A 33 enzymes

Q 34 The simplest life forms exhibiting cellular structure are the A) Eukaryotes B) Prokaryotes C) Fungi D) Protists

A 34 B) Prokaryotes

Q 35 Earth’s first cells were _________________. A) Protists B) Fungi C) Prokaryotes D) Eukaryotes

A 35 C) Prokaryotes

Q 36 Prokaryotic cells exist in two major forms what are they? A) Cyanobacteria & Probacteria B) eubacteria and archaebacteria C) Probacteria & eubacteria D) Cyanobacteria & Archaebacteria E) None of the above

A 36 B) eubacteria and archaebacteria

Q 37 ______ arose from prokaryotes and developed into larger more complex organisms, from single-celled protists to multi-cellular fungi, plants, and animals.

A 37 Eukaryotes

Q 38 The Earth’s most abundant inhabitants are - A) Eukaryotes B) Mammals C) Prokaryotes D) Fungi

A 38 C) Prokaryotes

Q 39 T or F: “Prokaryotes can survive in a wide range of environments and obtain energy in a variety of ways.”

A 39 TRUE

Q 40 T or F: “The genetic material in prokaryotes is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.”

A 40 FALSE- only eukaryotes have a nucleus & nuclear membrane.

Q 41 Are mitochondria found in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both?

A 41 Eukaryotes

Q 42 ______A____ cells typically have one large central vacuole, whereas ___B_____ cells have several smaller vacuoles.

A 42 A) Plant – one large vacuole B) Animal- several smaller vacuoles

Q 43 T or F: “Both Plant cells and Animal cells have a cell membrane.”

A 43 TRUE

Q 44 In which of the following would you find a cell wall? Plant cells Bacterial Cells Animal Cells All of the above A & B, but not C

A 44 E) A & B, but not C

Q 45 _____ are the basic units of structure and function of all living things.

A 45 Cells

Q 46 Before a cell divides, the instructions are _____________ so that each of the two new cells gets all the necessary information for carrying on life functions.

A 46 Duplicated (copied)

Q 47 List the 4 bases found in a DNA Nucleotide. (tell both the word and the letter abbrviation)

A 47 adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G)

Q 48 DNA is a _____-______ molecule. A) Single- Stranded B) Double-Stranded C) Triple-Standed D) Poly-Stranded

A 48 B) Double-Stranded

Q 49 What are the complementary base pairs in a DNA molecule (meaning bases pair together). – You may give the names OR the letters.

A 49 complementary nucleotide pairs (A-T- Adenine & Thymine and C-G – Cytosine & Guanine)

Q 50 The ladder (DNA strands) twists to form a _____ ____ .

A 50 Double Helix