Mini Quiz 1) Defense mechanisms, according to Dollard and Miller, are internal drive states that cause aggression. affective mechanisms for coping with stress caused by the approach-avoidance conflict cognitive behaviors that are negatively reinforced because they remove anxiety. d. mechanisms used by the ego to defend against anxiety produced by psychic conflict.

Mini Quiz 2) As a conflicted goal gets closer, the tendency to ______________ goal becomes stronger than the corresponding tendency to ________________ goal. a. avoid a negative; approach a positive b. approach a negative; approach a positive c. approach a negative; avoid a positive d. avoid a positive; avoid a negative

Mini Quiz Dollard and Miller’s theory is called A) Social Learning Theory B) Reinforcement Theory C) Theory and Conflict D) Bio-Social Theory of Development

Mini Quiz 4) According to Dollard and Miller – the behavior you do in a given situation can be predicted using your. . . A) Motivational needs B) Conflicts in your UCS mind C) Personality Traits D) Habit Hierarchy

Mini Quiz 5) How many more classes will be canceled this semester? A) none B) 1 C) more than 2 D) All of them – last class!

Theories Dollard and Miller’s Social Learning Theory Rotter’s Social Learning Theory Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Rotter’s Social Learning Theory

Elements Behavior Potential (BP) The probability that you will perform the behavior in question Higher the BP, more likely you will do it!

Elements Expectancy (E) A persons belief about how likely a behavior will bring about a goal

Expectancy It is a belief Objective odds matter less then subjective odds Lottery!

Questionnaire LC questionnaire

Expectancy General Expectancy Like a trait High GE (Internal locus of control) Energetic, highly motivated Low GE (External locus of control) Depressed, low motivation

Elements Reinforcement Value (RV) The subjective benefit of a reward How much do you really care about the outcome?

Reinforcement Value How much do you care about getting that date? How much do you care if you are rejected? How much do you care about doing school work instead? Note: RV is a relative term!

Putting it all together How do you predict BP?

Putting it all together How do you predict BP? Psychological Situation These values change as a result of the situation

Will you dance or take notes? FUN: E = .01 GOOD GRADES: E = .50 Dance: FUN: E = .30 GOOD GRADES: E = .01 RV Fun = .30 Good Grades = .90

Will you dance or take notes? FUN: E = .01 BP = .003 GOOD GRADES: E = .50 BP = .45 Dance: FUN: E = .30 BP = .009 GOOD GRADES: E = .01 BP = .003 RV Fun = .30 Good Grades = .90

Will you dance or take notes? FUN: E = .01 GOOD GRADES: E = .20 Dance: FUN: E = .80 GOOD GRADES: E = .001 RV Fun = .95 Good Grades = .05

Will you dance or take notes? FUN: E = .01 BP = .009 GOOD GRADES: E = .20 BP = .01 Dance: FUN: E = .80 BP = .72 GOOD GRADES: E = .01 BP = .009 RV Fun = .95 Good Grades = .05

Imagine High RV Low E What might happen?

John wants a date really bad! Doesn’t think he can get one.

Maladjustment Excessive time spent fantasizing Failure to develop social relationships Failure to develop social skills Self-fulfilling prophecy

Imagine Two behaviors have high RV? What might happen?

John wants to dedicate his life to the ladies! John wants to dedicate his life to police work!

Maladjustment Feel conflict Erratic and unpredictable behavior Neither may be accomplished

Therapy Focuses on the conscious and rational mind 1) What can you do? 2) What do you want? Importance of minimal goal level Importance of prioritizing desires

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Very similar to Rotter

Example Your computer skills

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Efficacy Expectation Like Rotter’s expectancies, but different Rotter The perceived probability that if you do something you will attain your goal Bandura The perceived probability that you can just do something

Efficacy Expectations Do you think you can touch this snake? High efficacy You can do it! Low efficacy You can not do it!

Efficacy Expectations A belief about self What a person thinks they are capable of doing Best psychological state is a match between What a person thinks they can do What a person can actually do

Example Do you like math? Why? “Girls are bad at math”

Example Increase her efficacy! How do you increase a girl’s confidence in math? 1) Show her other girls doing math 2) Have her do it herself to show her she can do math! Increase her efficacy!

Observation Learning Vicarious / observational learning Bobo Doll studies Children saw either A) doll attacked B) doll not attacked

Observation Learning Children who saw doll attacked All attacked Bobo Children who did not see doll attacked None attacked Bobo Reinforcement or punishment of model also effected children’s behavior