Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Michael Hall 4 Violence and Abuse: Creating Healthy Environments

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objectives Differentiate between intentional and unintentional injuries. Discuss the factors that contribute to homicide, domestic violence, sexual victimization, and other intentional acts of violence. Explain how terrorism can affect individuals and populations. Discuss strategies to prevent intentional injuries. Explain how the campus community, law enforcement, and individuals can prevent crimes on campuses. Discuss the impact of unintentional injuries on American society.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Violence Violence – a set of behaviors that produce injuries Intentional injuries – committed with intent to harm Unintentional injuries – committed without intent to harm, usually accidentally

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Violence in the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) considers violence a form of chronic disease In 2003, overall crime rates declined 3.2% lower than % of all deaths among persons aged 10 to 24 stem from four causes: Motor vehicle crashes Other unintentional injuries Homicide Suicide

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.1 Changes in Crime Rates, 1973–2002 Figure 4.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Costs of Violence Violence costs the U.S. >$300 billion per year: $55.4 billion related to adult crimes of child abuse For each juvenile crime there is a $17,000 cost to the victim, $44,000 cost in the justice system Domestic violence against women cost $6 billion

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.2 Increasing Costs of Crime Control in the United States, 1982–2001 Figure 4.2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Societal Causes of Violence Many factors increase the likelihood of violent acts: Poverty Unemployment Parental influence Cultural beliefs Media Discrimination/oppression Religious differences Breakdowns in criminal justice system Stress Heavy use of alcohol and other substances

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.3 Correlates to Violence Figure 4.3

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anger Anger – spontaneous biological feeling or emotional state of displeasure that occurs most frequently during times of personal frustration Primary aggression – goal directed, hostile self- assertion that is destructive in nature Reactive aggression – an emotional reaction brought about by frustrating life experiences

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intentional Injuries Gratuitous violence Assault/homicide Bias and hate crimes: Two dimensions: The way they are carried out Their effects on victims Ethnoviolence Prejudice Discrimination

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 4.1 Years of Potential Life Lost (per 100,000) Table 4.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Terrorism: Increased Risks from Multiple Sources The FBI defines terrorism as the use of unlawful force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives Two major types of terrorism: Domestic International

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Things You Can Do to Reduce Risk of Terrorism Be aware of your own reactions to stress, anxiety, and fear Be conscious of your surroundings Stay informed Seek understanding Seek information Know what to do in an emergency

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Domestic Violence Domestic violence refers to the use of force to control and maintain power over another person in the home environment Can include: Emotional abuse Verbal abuse Threats of physical harm Physical violence

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Domestic Violence (continued) Women as victims: 6 out of 10 women in the U.S. will be assaulted by someone they know “Cycle of violence”: Tension building Acute battering Remorse/reconciliation Men as victims: 12% of men reported that their wives had engaged in physically aggressive behaviors against them

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Domestic Violence (continued) Causes of domestic violence: Alcohol abuse Marital dissatisfaction Lack of communication Personality disorders Child abuse/neglect Child sexual abuse

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexual Victimization Sexual assault – any act in which one person is sexually intimate with another person without their consent; ranges from touching to forceful penetration Rape – extreme form of sexual assault, “penetration without the victim’s consent” Aggravated rape – multiple attackers, physical beating, or weapons Simple rape – involves one person, whom the victim knows; does not involve a physical beating or weapons Date rape Marital rape

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.5 Preventing Personal Assaults Figure 4.5.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.5 Preventing Personal Assaults (continued) Figure 4.5.2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment – unwelcomed sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical contact of a sexual nature Dealing with sexual harassment: Tell the harasser to stop Document the harassment Complain to a higher authority Remember that you have not done anything wrong

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Societal Contributors to Sexual Assault Minimization Trivialization Blaming the victim “Boys will be boys” Male socialization Male attitudes Male sexual history and hostility Male misperceptions Situational factors

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reducing Your Risk Self-defense against rape Taking control: Speak in a strong voice Maintain eye contact Remain alert, be confident Recognize ploys used by attackers: Request for help Offer of help Guilt trip Deliberate accident Authority Always be vigilant Use campus escort services Demand a well-lit campus Vary your routes Don’t leave bar with friendly stranger Let friends/family know where you are going Stay close to others Keep windows and doors locked

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings What to Do if a Rape Occurs Call 911 Do not bathe, shower, clean up, or touch anything the attacker may have touched Do not launder or throw away the clothes you were wearing Bring a clean change of clothes to the clinic or hospital Contact the rape assistance hotline If a friend is raped: Believe them Recognize that rape is a violent act Encourage them to see a doctor as soon as possible Encourage them to report the crime Be understanding Recognize that the emotional recovery is a long process Encourage them to seek counseling

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Community Strategies for Preventing Violence Educational programs for conflict resolution, coping skills Help individuals develop self-esteem and respect Teach children good behaviors Enforce policies against discrimination Educational programs for family planning Increase efforts to identify and help victims of violence Improve treatment and support for victims Treat psychological as well as physical consequences of violence

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unintentional Injuries Residential safety: Fall-proof your home Avoid burns Prevent intruders Workplace safety: Fatal injuries Nonfatal work injuries

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.6 Do You Have the Right Fire Extinguisher? Figure 4.6