Chapter 5 Nouns and Pronouns [5.1] Countable and Uncountable nouns Say a book is-- Sugar is-- books are-- Don’t say A sugar is--- Sugars are--- Non-count Sugar [mass] Gold Water Love [abstract] Happiness Work [See page 69] Count 3 books 5 pens 3 tables 2 persons

Nouns and Pronouns Countable and uncountable nouns [5.1] Cheese is[ love is Butter is [beauty is Salt is[ happiness is Money is [advice Water is[ furniture is Weather is – information i s- music is How much water is there? There is little water. I want more water Countable nouns How many mobiles are there? There are 16 mobiles. How many pens are there? There are 20 pens. How many books are there? There are 13 books. There are few books I want more books. 1.Mass 2.Abstract 3.Nouns partitive

Nouns with some- the- a- an [ 5.2-5.3] I want some sugar. I want some books He has some coffee . I have some cups. I have some coffee. The coffee is black. I have two cups. The cups are small. I want to buy an umbrella. [ an ] I want to buy a bag. [ a]

Nouns and Pronouns A- An – the [5.3] I want to buy ------an-------------apple. ٍ She wants to buy the apples. I want to buy apples. I want to buy some apples. I want to buy more apples. I want to buy five apples. I want to buy few apples. I don’t have any apples. Do you have any apples. I have some apples.

Generalization- [5.4] [ specific information] [ general information] Gold is expensive. Bread is cheap. [ specific information] The gold in that shop is cheap. The bread in that shop is expensive.

Generalization [5.4] Gold is expensive Generalization Roses are red. Specification The gold here is expensive. The roses in my garden are red.

Some and any [5.5] Any *we use “any” in Negative statement and questions._______ *we use “ any” for both count and non- counts nouns._____ Examples: 1. Are there any flowers? There aren’t any flowers. 2. Do you have any information. I don’t have any information.

Some and Any[5.5] Some: *We use “some” with affirmative statements; meaning with sentences that are not questions and not negative. 1.Countable PLURAL nouns: I want some eggs. 2. Uncountable nouns: I want some sugar. * We use “some” to show a quantity when we don’t know exactly how much or how many. I have some time to go on holiday.

Count Nouns Any Some and Any [ 5.5] Non-count nouns Some I have some sugar Count Nouns I have some eggs. Any IS there any information ? Do you have any information? I don’t have any information Are there any flowers ? No, there aren’t any flowers.

Measurement words [ 5.6] Uncountable nouns can be measured by measure words. Study the list [ p. 75] ______________________________________ a bar of soap - a can of tomatoes- a box of chocolates- a bunch of bananas- a tube of toothpaste- a glass of water- a carton of milk- a sheet of paper- a bottle of juice- a piece of fruit- a slice of cake- a cup of tea- a head of lettuce- a packet of biscuits- a roll of toilet paper- a jar of jam- a loaf of bread- a bowl of soap

Measurements words[5.6] A cup of coffee – a loaf of bread A bunch of bananas - a pack of biscuit A bar of soap- a bottle of water- juice A box of chocolate- a tube of toothpaste A sheet of paper- a bowl of soup A glass of water A jar of jam A roll of toilet paper A slice of cake / cheese A head of lettuce A carton of milk – a can of tomatoes- a

Quantifying expressions[5.7] Countable - negative Many- a lot of- any- no Countable - affirmative Many- a lot of –some- a few – few There aren’t many eggs. There are many eggs. There aren’t a lot of apples. There are a lot of apples. There aren’t any tomatoes. There are some tomatoes. There aren’t any onions. There are a few onions. There are no potatoes. There are few potatoes. Uncountable- negative Much- any- no Uncountable: a lot of-some- a little- little There isn’t much water. There is a lot of water. There isn’t any milk. There isn’t any / no cheese. There is some milk. There is a little cheese.

Grammar a few- few [5.7] a few: There are a few pens. [enough] Few : There are few pens. [not enough] There are a few sandwiches in the box. Meaning: I don’t need more. There are few sandwiches. Meaning: They are not enough . You need more.

Chapter 5 [5.8] How much / How many Count nouns How many books are there? How many sandwiches are left? How many tables does she have? Non – Count Nouns How much money is there? How much sugar do you have ? How much water is left?

Quantifying questions[5.8] How many slices of bread do you eat? How much butter and cheese you put on the bread? I put a lot of cheese How much cereal does she eat? She eats a big bowl of cereal. How many doughnuts does she eat? She eats 4 – How much coffee does she drink? He drinks some coffee.

Whose – the genitive Possessive noun- [5.9] 1. Whose book is that? It is Rania’s-- book. 2. Whose pens are these? They are Noha-’s-- pens. It is Rania’s .Noha’s 3. Whose pictures are these? They are the children’s They are the boys’ –pictures 4. Whose cat is that? It is Hams’s-- cat. 5. Whose dog is that? It is Charles’s--dog. Charles’ dog.

Possessive nouns[ 5.9] 2.Parents’ house 4. girl’s name 3. husband’s car 5. boy’s name 6/ Kate’s hair 7. mother’s favorite 8. father’s favorite 9. children’s favorite 10. grandparents’ house Page 80 – exercise- 23 2. school’s name - 3 parents’ name- 4 best friend’s name 5- mother’s name- 6- doctor’s name. 3. My doctor’s name is John. 4. My mother’s name is Maha.

on Chapter 6 Grammar The Simple Past Tense

Chapter 6 Simple past [6.1] Regular Verbs I invited my friend yesterday You invited my friend last week he -she -it worked yesterday We invited our friends last month They invited my friend three days ago played- watched- talked- worked- cooked- helped- opened- fixed- closed- asked- waited - called

Past time expressions Past time expressions: Yesterday Last week Last month Two days ago Last year

Spelling of ending verbs [6.3] Study page 84 Regular past verbs Rain- rained Arrive- arrived Added – ed added - d Most regular verbs Verbs ending - e Try – tried Play- played Change y to ied Add ed Consonant +y Vowel +y Showed – fixed Stop- stopped Prefer- preferred add ed Double consonant And add ed ending in w, x Vowel + consonant

Chapter 5 I worked with my friend yesterday You talked to my friend last week He -she -it met my friend last year We saw our friends last month They bought a car three days ago Yes – No questions Did you work with my friend yesterday? Yes, I did. Yes I worked. Did you talk to my friend last week? Yes, I did. Yes I talked. Did he meet my friend last year? No, I didn’t. Yes, he met. Did you see our friends last month? No, I didn’t. Yes, I saw. Did they buy a car three days ago? Yes. they did. They bought.

Pronunciation of –ed /t/ , /d/, /id/ [6.4] Examples Pronunciation Verb ending Helped Washed cooked /t/ Verbs end in the voiceless consonants P-k-f-s-sh-ch Lived Rained played /d/ Verbs end in the voiced consonants P- g- v- t-z-th-j-m-n-ng-l-r Or in a vowel sound- Waited needed /id/ The verbs ends in /d/- or /t/

The Simple Past Irregular verbs [6.5] Irregular verbs- study the list page-89 I saw He gave She came We made They bought __________ Went Ate Cut Drew Flew Began brought I saw my friend. You gave me a pen. He , she , it ate-- We flew to Japan. They went to Jeddah. *Time expression last year – a week ago- last month- yesterday

Past tense – Negative[6.6] I didn’t work yesterday. You didn’t sleep last night. He didn’t do your homework. We didn’t see her friend . They didn’t talk with me . _____________________________ Did you go to school? No , I didn’t go. Did she eat her food? No, she didn’t eat.

The Simple past : Yes-No questions[6.7] Questions that answer ÿes. Did I eat? Yes , I did . Or Yes I ate. Did you go? Yes, I did. Or Yes I went. Did She work? Yes, she did.Or Yes she worked. Did we play? Yes, we did. Or Yes we played. Did they sit? Yes, they did. Or Yes they sat. _______________________________________ Questions that answer with No. Did Salma study? No, she didn’t . Or No she didn’t study . Did they do it? No, they didn’t. Or No they didn’t do it.

Past tense Wh questions [6.8] I invited my friends yesterday. Who did you invite yesterday? You invited my friend last week. When did you invite my friend? He /She invited my friend to the restaurant. Where did he invite my friend? They bought a new car. What did they buy.

Simple past – Wh- Questions[ 6.8] I invited my friends yesterday. Who did you invite yesterday? You invited my friend last week. When did you invite my friend? He /She invited my friend to the restaurant. Where did he invite my friend? They bought a new car. What did they buy.

Past tense Wh – questions[6.8] I invited my friends yesterday. Who did you invite yesterday? You invited my friend last week. When did you invite my friend? He /She invited my friend to the restaurant. Where did he invite my friend? They bought a new car. What did they buy.

Past tense – wh questions[6.8] 1. We use the verb ‘to do’to make wh- questions in the past ‘did’. 1. I invited my friends yesterday. Who did you invite yesterday? 2.You invited my friend last week. When did you invite my friend? 2. When ‘who / what’are the subject , we don’t need the auxiliary verb to make a question. 1.Who came yesterday? The subject is ‘who’. 2.What happened? The subject is ‘what’.

Chapter 7 Past Continuous 7.1 The Past Continuous What one was doing or not doing something in the past. Example: What were you doing yesterday ? I was studying. What were the boys doing? They were eating.

Affirmative statements 7.1 Time: yesterday- last week- two days ago ________________________________________ I was working Was I working? You were working Were you working? He –she-it was working Was he working? We were working Were we working? They were working were they working?

Negative I wasn’t working You weren’t working He –she-it wasn’t working We weren’t working They weren’t working Short answers: Yes I was . No I wasn’t Yes you were. No you weren’t Yes he was . No he wasn’t.

Wh-questions Was I working? What was I doing? were you working? What were you working? Was he writing? Where was he writing? Were we sitting? When were we sitting? were they reading? What were they working?

While-when with the Past time clause A time clause is not a complete sentence. When Tony called, We must use with a complete sentence to form a complete sentence. When Tony called, I was working. Or { without a comma} I was working when Tony called. [ time clause can come at the end but we don’t put comma here].

While and when with the past tense/7.3 We use the past continuous : 1.for an action that already happening at a particular time in the past. They were studying at 6 oçlock. 2. when another action interrupted it. While I was studying, my mother came. When I opened the door, I saw my sister.