Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life’s Work

Articles: Einstein's Brain Reveals Clues to Genius Why Aren't There Any Supersize Whales? Beetle Breathing Highly Complex, Study Finds Climate Change Is Causing Fish to Shrink Why Aren't Insects Human-Size?

Articles: Einstein's Brain Reveals Clues to Genius Why Aren't There Any Supersize Whales? Beetle Breathing Highly Complex, Study Finds Climate Change Is Causing Fish to Shrink Why Aren't Insects Human-Size?

Why are cells small? Does having bigger cells make an organism bigger or better? Are the cells found in a Green Bay Packers player the same size as the cells found in you or me? Would having big cells be an advantage to an organism?

Why study cells? Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life!

animal cells plant cells Archaea Types of cells Bacteria Prokaryote no membrane- bound organelles Eukaryotes membrane-bound organelles animal cells plant cells

Cell size comparison most bacteria eukaryotic cells 1-10 microns Bacterial cell Animal cell most bacteria 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

They’re like mini-organs! What are organelles? Structures with specialized functions each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive They’re like mini-organs! Model Animal Cell

How did organelles evolve? The Endosymbiotic Theory Video: How we think complex cells evolved - Adam Jacobson (TedED) Write a 2-3 sentence summary of the endosymbiotic theory using the diagram and video.

How do internal membranes and membrane-bound organelles contribute to cell functions? Think about…. the brain.

How do internal membranes and membrane-bound organelles contribute to cell functions? Think about: surface area, compartmentalization, enzymes Relate those things to the definition of organelles

How do internal membranes and membrane-bound organelles contribute to cell functions? Think about: surface area, compartmentalization, enzymes Relate those things to the definition of organelles Hint: Think about the organs in the human body - why do they need to be separated?

Why organelles? Specialized structures specialized functions mitochondria Why organelles? Specialized structures specialized functions Containers partition cell into compartments create different local environments separate pH, or concentration of materials distinct & incompatible functions lysosome & its digestive enzymes Membranes as sites for chemical reactions unique combinations of lipids & proteins embedded enzymes & reaction centers chloroplasts & mitochondria chloroplast Golgi Why organelles? There are several reasons why cells evolved organelles. First, organelles can perform specialized functions. Second, membrane bound organelles can act as containers, separating parts of the cell from other parts of the cell. Third, the membranes of organelles can act as sites for chemical reactions. Organelles as specialized structures An example of the first type of organelle is cilia, these short filaments act as "paddles" to help some cells move. Organelles as Containers Nothing ever invented by man is as complex as a living cell. At any one time hundreds of incompatible chemical reactions may be occurring in a cell. If the cell contained a uniform mixture of all the chemicals it would not be able to survive. Organelles surrounded by membranes act as individual compartments for these chemical reactions. An example of the second type of organelle is the lysosome. This structure contains digestive enzymes, these enzymes if allowed to float free in the cell would kill it. Organelle membranes as sites for chemical reactions An example of the third type of organelle is the chloroplast. The molecules that conduct the light reactions of photosynthesis are found embedded in the membranes of the chloroplast. ER

The Work of Life What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… “breathe” gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out eat take in & digest food convert energy ATP build molecules proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids remove wastes control internal conditions homeostasis respond to external environment build more cells growth, repair, reproduction & development ATP

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles storage transport inside cells cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

A Job for Lysosomes 6 weeks 15 weeks

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles storage transport inside cells cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles storage transport inside cells mitochondria makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells chloroplast mitochondria

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place central vacuole storage: food, water, or waste cell wall support, protection mitochondria makes ATP from sugar + O2in cellular respiration lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling chloroplast makes ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place nucleolus produces ribosomes lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles storage transport inside cells nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA mitochondria makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place nucleolus produces ribosomes lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles storage transport inside cells nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA mitochondria makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration ribosomes builds proteins cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place nucleolus produces ribosomes lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles storage transport inside cells nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA mitochondria makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration ribosomes builds proteins endoplasmic reticulum helps finish building proteins makes membranes cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place nucleolus produces ribosomes lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles storage transport inside cells nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA mitochondria makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration ribosomes builds proteins endoplasmic reticulum helps finish building proteins makes membranes Golgi apparatus modifies, packages & ships proteins cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

nucleolus produces ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum helps finish building proteins makes membranes nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place central vacuole storage: food, water or waste Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, & ships proteins cell wall support mitochondria makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling chloroplast makes ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place nucleolus produces ribosomes lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles storage transport inside cells nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA centrioles cell division ribosomes builds proteins endoplasmic reticulum helps finish building proteins makes membranes mitochondria makes ATP from sugar + O2 in cellular respiration Golgi apparatus modifies, packages & ships proteins cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals

Assignment Create a poster that explains the interactions between organelles to provide an essential function. Include at least 3 organelles, have an illustration, and captions describing what is going on. Use the textbook to add more DETAIL about the organelles and their interactions (the notes are the “baby” version).

List of possible organelles/ materials in a cell: proteins/polypeptide (amino acids) lipids carbohydrates (glucose) nucleic acid cell (plasma) membrane chromatin Golgi apparatus mitochondria lysosome nuclear envelope nucleolus nucleus phospholipids ribosome rough ER smooth ER transport vesicle ribosome chloroplast cytoskeleton centriole

Protein products keep being sent to the wrong location. In each of the following scenarios which organelle(s) would be suspected to be not functioning properly and why? Person stops being able to secrete insulin even though they are able to produce it in their pancreatic cells. Fatty acids accumulate in the brain of an individual because they are unable to be broken down. Protein products keep being sent to the wrong location.

Protein products keep being sent to the wrong location. In each of the following scenarios which organelle(s) would be suspected to be not functioning properly and why? Person stops being able to secrete insulin even though they are able to produce it in their pancreatic cells. Vesicles or Golgi Fatty acids accumulate in the brain of an individual because they are unable to be broken down. Lysosomes Protein products keep being sent to the wrong location. Golgi