Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809

Dealing With the Midnight Judges Before leaving office, Adams hurriedly appointed several federalists to judgeships, to insure the party’s influence Called midnight judges

Midnight Judges As Jefferson’s Secretary of State, it was Madison’s job to deliver these appointments Jefferson ordered him not to

William Marbury was appointed by Adams to be justice of the peace in DC; Madison did not deliver the appointment; Marbury sued, asking the courts to issue an order forcing Madison to do his job

Marbury v Madison, 1803 1803, Supreme Court, headed by John Marshall, a Federalist appointed by Adams, ruled against Marbury on the grounds that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because it gave the court too much power

1SS-E20. Describe the aims and impact of the Western expansion and settlement of the United States, with emphasis on: PO 1. how and from whom the United States acquired the Northwest Territory, Louisiana Territory, Florida, Texas, Oregon Country, the Mexican Cession and the Gadsden Territory

Owned by Spain until 1800, when Napoleon forced Spain to cede it back to France 1SS-E20. Describe the aims and impact of the Western expansion and settlement of the United States, with emphasis on: PO 1. how and from whom the United States acquired the Northwest Territory, Louisiana Territory, Florida, Texas, Oregon Country, the Mexican Cession and the Gadsden Territory

Jefferson realized this was a major threat to American trade as Napoleon could block access to Miss. River and New Orleans Sent negotiators to discuss purchasing New Orleans for $2 million Negotiators were shocked when Napoleon made counter offer; the whole territory for $15 million

Jefferson’s Dilemma IS land purchase constitutional? Jefferson decided he couldn’t let it pass.

1SS-E20. Describe the aims and impact of the Western expansion and settlement of the United States, with emphasis on: PO 1. how and from whom the United States acquired the Northwest Territory, Louisiana Territory, Florida, Texas, Oregon Country, the Mexican Cession and the Gadsden Territory PO 2. how geography and economic incentives influenced early American explorations, including those of Lewis and Clark, James O. Pattie and the fur trade

Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to survey the territory

1SS-E20. Describe the aims and impact of the Western expansion and settlement of the United States, with emphasis on: PO 1. how and from whom the United States acquired the Northwest Territory, Louisiana Territory, Florida, Texas, Oregon Country, the Mexican Cession and the Gadsden Territory PO 2. how geography and economic incentives influenced early American explorations, including those of Lewis and Clark, James O. Pattie and the fur trade

Lewis and Clark They were to map the territory, make notes, make contact with Indians, and collect scientific samples of plant and animal life Mostly followed the Missouri River to Pacific from 1804 to 1806 Aided by Sacajawea

The Duel 1804, Vice-President Aaron Burr , angry over insulting remarks made by Alexander Hamilton challenged Hamilton to duel Hamilton’s shot was high, Burr’s was not; Hamilton died Next day

Foreign Policy 1803, Britain and France went to war again for the next 12 years Like Washington and Adams, Jefferson struggled to maintain neutrality

French Actions 1806-1807 implemented Continental System through Berlin and Milan decrees, ordering blockade of Britain and confiscation of goods on neutral ships headed to Britain

British Action 1807 Orders in Council: blockaded France and justified confiscation of goods on neutral ships headed to France

British Impressment 1803 – 1812, British ships stopped American ships at sea, forced American sailors to serve on British ships

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair 1807 British warship Leopard fired on American Warship Chesapeake

1803-1812 British incited Indian attacks on American Frontier 1811 Tecumseh, Shawnee Chief, organized confederacy of tribes in war against US

American Reaction 1807 Jefferson signed Embargo Act, forbidding trade with any foreign nation

American Reaction Just before Jefferson left office in 1809, Congress passed Non-Intercourse Act Repealed Embargo Act and opened trade to all countries but France and Britain

James Madison elected President 1808 Problems of the French and British war continued Congress passed Macon’s Bill No. 2 : stated that US would resume trade with first country (Fr, Br) that repealed commercial restrictions

Napoleon announced repeal, w/o intention of following through; Madison gave Britain 3 months to do the same Meanwhile, in Congress, War Hawks pressed for war with Britain War Hawks were new nationalistic congressmen from south and west, led by Henry Clay (KY) and John C Calhoun (SC)

War Hawks Reasons for war: National honor Restore farm prices depressed by trade restrictions Add farmland in Canada and Florida End British incitement of Indians and impressment

“Mr. Madison’s War” War unpopular with Federalists and New Englanders WHY? Typically pro-British Economy based on trade and manufacturing which would be disrupted, and addition of farm land might mean diminished work force for newly emerging factories

War of 1812 US militarily unprepared, no navy Attempts to invade Canada failed miserably Washington DC was occupied and burned British troops held large areas in New England and New York National disunity rampant

Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY The War of 1812 Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

America's Second War for Independence?

Causes of the War?

1. Napoleonic Wars 1806  Berlin Decrees [“Continental System”] 1806  Britain issued the “Orders in Council.” 1807  Milan Decrees 1808-1811  Britain impressed over 6,000 American sailors.

2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair” June 21, 1807. Br. Captain fired on the USS Chesapeake. 3 dead, 18 wounded. Br. Foreign Office said it was a mistake. Jefferson’s Response: Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports. Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.

3. The Embargo Act (1807) The “OGRABME” Turtle

Presidential Election of 1808

James Madison Becomes President

Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest Asset

4. The Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Replaced the Embargo Act. Remained U. S. policy until 1812. Unexpected Consequences: N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient again [old factories reopened]. Laid the groundwork for US industrial power. Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!!!

5. Br. Instigation of Indians British General Brock Meets with Tecumseh

Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811 General William Henry Harrison  governor of the Indiana Territory. Invited Native Indian chiefs to Ft. Wayne, IN to sign away 3 mil. acres of land to the US government. Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their homelands. Tecumseh’s brother fought against Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe. This made Harrison a national hero! [1840 election  Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!]

“War Hawks” John C. Calhoun [SC] Henry Clay [KY]

Presidential Election of 1812

“Mr. Madison’s War!”

American Problems The US was unprepared militarily: Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s 800 ships. Americans disliked a draft  preferred to enlist in the disorganized state militias. Financially unprepared: Flood of paper $. Revenue from import tariffs declined. Regional disagreements.

Overview of the War of 1812

3 U. S. Invasions of 1812

Campaigns of 1813

Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814 Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key

Gave proof through the night, That our flag was still there..

Attack on Ft. Oswego, 1814

Hartford Convention December, 1814 – January, 1815 New England Considers Secession!

Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814

“Status Quo Antebellum” Conquered territory returned to pre-war status Americans retained fishing rights off Canadian coast No mention at all of pre-war grievances

The Battle of New Orleans, 1815

The Battle of New Orleans, 1815

Jackson’s Florida Campaigns

Results of War of 1812 Second War for American Independence-international respect American heroes like Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas MacDonough and two future presidents: William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson Fall of the Federalists Large Indian territorial losses

Results Stimulated US industry because of lessened dependence on British manufacturing Renewed sense of patriotism and nationalism Francis Scott Key wrote Star Spangled Banner Rush-Bagot Treaty –agreement between US and Britain to remove all warships on Great Lakes